What Is a Community free essay sample

To me, this implies alongside the two definitions, there are basically two deferent explanations behind which networks structure. As indicated by the main definition, one explanation networks structure Is on the grounds that individuals wind up In a typical area as others, unexpectedly, and It Is normal that every individual and their work turns into a piece of a network. An away from of this would be In Jails, Most individuals dont go to Jail since they need to be a piece of the network In Jail. They got sent there in light of the fact that they were accepted to be blameworthy of carrying out crimes.They then end up In a typical area as others and In request for their locale inside the Jail to be practical: they should take on Jobs and duties. While being imprisoned, individuals need to eat, so a cook is required. A few people would need to assume the obligations of cleaning clothing. We will compose a custom article test on What Is a Community? or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They would require individuals to take out the refuse and clean the lobbies. A law bookkeeper is even expected to help guard prisoners. In the long run, as duties are filled a network forms.While not all models are as clear as this, numerous networks structure along these lines. A kid is naturally introduced to the spot which their folks live, and until they are a grown-up, they are incorporated as a feature of that network. Individuals can end up in networks for some reasons yet the main definition portrays area just like the basic factor between the individuals. The subsequent definition characterizes a circumstance where networks are purposefully shaped over a shared objective or intrigue. A case of this would be a 4-H gathering. Children from all over will meet up to get familiar with their common intrigue, for example, various creatures, sewing, or artworks. For these gatherings and networks to be useful sure Jobs and duties are likewise required. There should be a President, Vice President, a secretary, and a treasurer. Certain individuals might be doled out to run arranged occasions and store raisers. These Jobs are firmly related and all assistance add to the shared objective of the gathering. All Jobs inside an equine 4-H gathering would be identified with ponies In some way.These are pleasant meanings of work and network! They are extremely clear. Regardless of what kind of network we are alluding to, the Jobs inside are exceedingly Important. Each heave Is a bit of an entire and without them, the network gets broken. A riddle with a missing piece Is as yet a riddle however Is not finished and wouldnt merit surrounding. A few Jobs might be more productive In achieving a specific reason than different Jobs. For instance, the solid establishment of a structure Is more effectiveIn holding up the structure than a light would be. This doesn't mean the light Isnt Important. The light Is fundamental for people to find In the bulling particularly around evening time. In the principal flattening of network, the distinctive assortment of Jobs might be incredible. Towns need a specialist for the individuals who are wiped out, and a handyman to fix people groups toilets. Employments may differ from specialist, nurture, attorney, judge, rancher, instructor. Various callings and are likewise significant in the strength and capacity of the network.

Liturgy Essay on Religion and Theology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ritual on Religion and Theology - Essay Example The term Liturgy essentially alludes to the strict exhibitions made by the Christian people group publically; it additionally incorporates supplications and revering, dining experiences and fellowship, for example Holy observance of the Eucharist. The blowout is credited to the Last Supper taken by Holy Jesus Christ in the Upper bit of Zion, where he proclaimed bread as his body, and wine (or water) as his blood (Anderson, 2005, pp. 302-303). It is in this way, every recently immersed, recently wedded and as of late humble gets Communion from the Church serve as a blessed blowout related with Christ. As per the Coptic Orthodox Church, â€Å"the Sacrament of Communion is a Holy Sacrament by which the adherent eats the Holy Body and Precious Blood of Jesus Christ, introduced by the Bread and Wine. This Sacrament has the best significance among the Seven Church Sacraments.† Since the Communion keeps up basic importance, as Christ has proclaimed that â€Å"He who eats My Flesh, a nd beverages My Blood lives in Me, and I in him† (John 6:56), it is adored and seen by the Christians as once huge mob any place they work, live and move.  Liturgy looks for its foundations in soonest Christian period; the missionaries, holy people and genuine supporters of most punctual hundreds of years A.D. commended the equivalent in the light of the Biblical lessons and the honorable expressions of Jesus Christ. Thus, the loving ceremonies are acknowledged and grasped by the people in the future without abusing any angle identified with its key standards. Kavanagh sees that â€Å"the witnesses did it, thus did the Fathers of the Church and her ministers far into the Middle Ages† (1982, p.3). In any case, a portion of the pundits are of the supposition that ritual is really adjusted to culture, and looks for motivation from the state or nation in which the Christians dwell and practice the equivalent. It is halfway a direct result of the assorted variety in rever e system just as variety of the style received by the Christian people group. Henceforth, culture is more prevailing aspect than religion in their eyes. Well known humanist Robert Wuthnow has demonstrated that despite the fact that the Christian lessons lay worry upon ethno-racial correspondence as a strict worth, yet that worth was not transmitted into real conduct (Hall, 2007, p.2). Quite fundamentally looking at the historical backdrop of the civilisations everywhere, it becomes perfectly clear that social qualities leave their permanent effect upon the individual and aggregate existence of the individuals having a place with one explicit social foundation or the other. A similar convention isn't limited to one explicit region or area just; rather, the standards, mores and customs, winning in a culture, can once in a while influence the strict clique and love practices of the supporters of disparate otherworldly beliefs. Macionis (2008, p. 68) appropriately expresses that social attributes are powerful to the point that they apropos beat the family customs, strict shows and rules of the current laws even. It is a result of the very reality that they are being watched all in all in one district throughout the previous a few centuries, and don't permit a simple interruption of social change being presented in the physical and social condition. It is hence, the Christians and Muslims embraced a few highlights of Hinduism while their communication with the Hindu people group of Indian culture (Latourette, 1975, pp. 79-80). Therefore, the exercises identified with Communion are diversely acted in Asian, European and African nations. By one way or another, it doesn't mean

Check Out Episode One of OppU Answers, Our New Financial Advice Show!

Check Out Episode One of OppU Answers, Our New Financial Advice Show! Check Out Episode One of OppU Answers, Our New Financial Show! Check Out Episode One of OppU Answers, Our New Financial Show!If youre a fan of the OppLoans Financial Sense Blog, youll know how much we love helping readers sort out complicated financial issues. Its  kind of our thing!Thats why we are so excited to present our new video series, OppU Answers. Its an animated advice show  thats designed to answer real consumer questions with the help of  bonafide financial experts.  Every month, we reach out to our fans on  Twitter  and  Facebook  and ask them to give us their biggest questions about all things money. Then, we pick a question and do the research so you dont have to.This months question  came from Lisa, one of our Facebook fans. She wanted  to know about emergency funds, so we sat down with financial expert Katie Ross from American Consumer Credit Counseling to get the lowdown on what they are, how to start one, and how much you should have saved. Check it out:If you have a big question about money and would like to see it explained in detail to an adorable animated version of yourself, drop us a line on  Facebook,  Twitter, or  YouTube for a chance to star in our next episode!  And if you want to  take your personal finance skills to the next level,  be sure to  take a look at  all the courses  on OppU, OppLoans whip-smart, education-focused sister site.

Developmental Psychology Essay - 4989 Words

1. Question : You have observed and noted the behaviors of one learner in your classroom, who you believe to have a learning disability. You take detailed notes over a designated period of time, with time and date stamps identifying significant performance markers, improvements, or other changes in learning achievement and behaviors. By following this protocol you have conducted ________. Student Answer: an empirical study a case study a phenomenological study a comparison study Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in Section 1.4 Descriptive and Correlational Research Design, in Adult Development and Learning. Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 2.†¦show more content†¦Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 9. Question : ______________ believed that genetic changes occur from natural selection. Student Answer: Erikson Darwin Bandura Vygotsky Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in Section 2.6 Other Approaches, in Adult Development and Learning. Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 10. Question : Changes based on biological and psychological forces are functions of _______. Student Answer: normative age-graded influences cultural and age-graded influences normative and cultural influences biological and cultural influences Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in Section 1.2 Stages of Adult Development: Identifying Change, in Adult Development and Learning. Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 11. Question : Gender is a social construct referencing cultural behavioral expectations for men and women. Student Answer: True False Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in Section 2.8 Sociocultural Factors in Adult Development, in Adult Development and Learning. Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 12. Question : Sara is 30 years old and came from a two-parent, low-income household in an urbanShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology3823 Words   |  16 PagesDevelopmental Psychology There are three main theories of development that I shall discuss in this assignment, Cognitive, the main theorist being, Piaget, (1896 - 1980), The, Psychosocial Theory, Erikson, (1902 - 1994), and, The Psychosexual, of, Freud, (1856 - 1939). Cognitive Psychology draws the comparison between the human mind and a computer, suggesting that we like the computer process the information we acquire from around us and then react accordingly. Hearnshaw, (1987)Read MoreDevelopmental Psychology : An Introduction2958 Words   |  12 PagesDevelopmental Psychology: An introduction Psychology is a field that is broken down into many subfields, each field distinctive in their nature. One of the most studied fields is developmental psychology. Before I explain the field in depth, it is important to understand what developmental psychology is, and how it came to be. Developmental psychology is mainly a scientific approach, which aims to explain how children and adults change overtime (Lerner, Lewin-Bizan, Warren, 2011). Most uniquelyRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Understanding The Developmental Process978 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental Psychology has widened my perspective and knowledge of the nature of development from humans’ infancy to adolescence and emerging adulthood. Although I have learned about biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes and periods of development, I am especially interested in socioemotional development in infancy because it is the foundation for a child’s future development. That is to say, if children h ave a healthy socioemotional development from infancy, they will have a healthyRead MoreThe Developmental Psychology Of A Child983 Words   |  4 PagesThe developmental psychology of a child is one that is in many ways difficult and very special to understand. I would like to start by saying that a child’s development depends on many factors and circumstances. In finding if a child has a developmental problem or a psychological problem takes time and a delicate nature in finding the problem. The child that I am going to represent and defend on his or her actions, is a child that needs the proper representation of his or her age of developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1896 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different types of approaches which aim to look at how people develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the influence of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences.(McLeodRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Psychology And Psychology943 Words   |  4 Pagesof the fields of psychology that have influenced me and my current major in biology are Developmental Psychology, Neurological Psychology, and Clinical Psychology; they have influenced me by Developmental Psychology relating to my future goal to work with pediatrics, Neurological Psychology relating to both biology in a general sense and also my potential interests in the neurology field, and Clinical Psychology relating to being a doctor in general. One of the fields of Psychology that has influencedRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology And The Life Of Anne Frank1068 Words   |  5 Pages DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LIFE OF ANNE FRANK Name: Professor: Course: Date: Introduction Developmental psychology is rapidly becoming an inalienable branch of the subject of psychology. Developmental psychology can be defined as the scientific study concerned with how and why human beings develop over the course of their life. Although connected with infants and children, the scope of developmental psychology has expanded over the years. It also describes the concepts of adolescenceRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : The Biological Examination Of Changes951 Words   |  4 PagesPSYCHOLOGY ESSAY: Introduction Developmental psychology is the the biological examination of changes that happens to human beings during the course of their life time. During the course of a life time of a human being ,certain biological changes happens. The development stages are divided into different stages. According to Erikson ,†the eight ages of development and the major life crisis are significant in terms of individual growth and development.†(Care human development,Student support SessionRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment Psychology Development psychology refers to the scientific study of the systematic psychological changes that normally occur to human beings throughout their growth period from birth to old age. It was originally concerned with children and infants, but it has since expanded to include the entire life span of mankind including adolescence and adulthood. Development psychology covers the extent to which human development occurs through gradual accumulation of knowledge, and the extentRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1336 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different approaches which aims to look at how children and adults develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the impact of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences. (McLeod

Online Shopping And Online Business Model Essay - 1105 Words

This project has the aim of analyzing and finding the customer perception towards online shopping and online business model. The field work was done with the help of questionnaire and the summary of finding of the study is given below separately as follows:- 1. Most of the respondents have done online shopping the mode of payment is cash on delivery and is one of the major mode used for payment. 2. Some of them who didn’t prefer online shopping are mainly due to risk in credit transaction cheap quality products 3. The biggest attraction towards online shopping is home delivery and discount received as per customer perspective. 4. Most of the respondents have a dream of becoming an entrepreneur through online mode mostly which depicts the development of online platforms in upcoming years. 5. The reason behind choosing offline mode of business is mainly trust factor ,credibility personal approach towards target market. 6. This survey represent the respondents psychological acceptance towards various statements like:- †¢ Business online presence is more important and web designing firm is helpful for start-up business mainly †¢ The survey depicts that emerging technology such as SEO, Online Marketing etc. are supreme ways of attracting customers. †¢ As per the survey report well structured configured website play a vital role in enhancing the corporate image. 7. This survey also represent the customer preferences towards product features while selection some of them are:-Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis of Ebay1134 Words   |  5 PagesDate : May 9, 2013 Strategic Management SWOT analysis of eBay Company : eBay Inc. Introduction eBay is an international online marketplace with a global customer base of 233 million. It is a multibillion business operating in 37 countries. There are millions of items listed on eBay, including antiques, toys, books, computers, sports and electronics, amongst many others. In this assignment, I will perform a SWOT analysis of the company, then I will outline the strategies pursued by eBayRead MoreTaobao948 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom all over the world to buy and sell items, auctions and shopping online. EBay was founded on 4th September 1995 and by name Auction web of Pierre Omidyar in California. People can sell goods on EBay over the network. As an online auction site, eBay created a buyer but also the seller of unprecedented business model which was C2C mode. EBay has differences from traditional marketing because e Bay make a large number of small business and individuals through its sales platform to interact withRead MoreHow Does Information Systems Enhance Business Strategy?1605 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Information Systems enhance Business Strategy? Business Strategy Business Strategy is a hard concept to put into words. A clear definition has been debated by many, yet some common aspects can be found. So a strategy could be explained as a chain of goal oriented decisions that match an organizations skills and resources with the opportunities and threats in its environment. There are four main areas of the above definition, 1. Should address organizations goals 2. ‘Involves what are weRead MoreInternal And External Environment Analysis Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages When developing effective business strategies, organizations must thoroughly analyze both the internal and external environments in which they operate (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014, p. 11). This analysis will enable them to pinpoint those elements that threaten their current and future profitability as well as those elements that offer the potential to increase current and future profitability (Hill, et al., 2014, pp. 44-45). The external environment analysis specifically looks at the industryRead MoreEbay : A Competitive Advantage1858 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom other companies in the online auction industry. We will use the VRIO framework to see what sets it apart, by exploring the value, rarity, imitability and organization. Finding the core competencies that has led it to a competitive advantage. What value does eBay have that sets it apart? The most successful business model and strong brand recognition makes it easier to attract buyer’s and seller’s from all over the world. eBay functions through an efficient model that brings together buyersRead MoreEbay: â€Å"the World’s Largest Online Marketplace†- a Case Study3976 Words   |  16 PageseBay: â€Å"The world’s largest online marketplace†- A Case Study J.Gopalkrishnan* V.K Gupta** Abstract eBay, Inc. is the largest and most popular marketplace on the Internet, allowing members to buy and sell almost anything. Launched in 1995, about 147 million people now use eBay. An estimated 430,000 people in the United States make all or most of their living by selling on eBay. eBay’s online payment service, called PayPal, enables transactions nearly anywhere in the world. eBay proclaims â€Å"trust† betweenRead MoreTaobaos Success1860 Words   |  8 PagesSuccess 1 Taobao’s Success The most successful C2C E-business platform in China Chenlei Shi 865313 IT IS 600 Professor Robert Testa, Jr. September, 18, 2010 Taobao’s Success 2 Abstract With the great speed of economic globalization, E-Business is developing in a surprising speed through the wide-spread of information technology. Nowadays, there are a lot of big E-business corporations such as Amazon, E-bay focus on different E-business model and field. 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Human Resources Issues in Mining Free Essays

Human Resource Strategies 660 Monday, Trimester 1 2011, 18th April Assignment 3 HR Case Analysis at Workplace Word Count:2500 I. Introduction The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008 affected lots of industries including the miners. Employment in mining is particularly vulnerable to a cycle of rapid expansion and contraction, as changing economic circumstances cause demand and prices for certain commodities to rise or fall. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resources Issues in Mining or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eventually the GFC resulted in lots of labour cutbacks in the resource industry (Australian Government, 2009). The key human resources (HR) challenges facing the West Australian mining industry for the next few years are considered to be: replacing retirees; the retention of key talent; growing the talent pool training and development; and keeping staff motivated (Dickie and Dwyer, 2010). On the other hand the WA Chamber of Minerals Energy (CME, 2006) identified a number of HR strategic issues for the WA resource sector like; skills shortage, employee attraction and retention, flexible workplace practices, indigenous employment opportunities and community-regional services. The company I work for decided to go through downsizing in order to reduce the operating costs during GFC. This article aims to delineate several HR issues as a result of global downsizing process in the organisation. The main focus will be sudden redundancies, decrease in motivation, labour shortage, health and safety issues and recruitment of new employees. Since several HR issues are interrelated to each other, with the purpose of this article, the main focus will be mainly on downsizing policy and its short and long term effects in the organisation. II. The Downsizing Policy and Its Effects Organizational downsizing is a prevalent strategy designed to improve organizational performance while selectively decreasing costs. It refers to â€Å"an organizational decision to reduce the workforce in order to improve organizational performance† (Kozlowski et al. , 1993). Therefore stemming from the desire to become more efficient and effective, firms in both the private and the public sectors has adopted downsizing strategies (Cameron, 1987). Furthermore, the increasingly dynamic and competitive workplace and the trend toward globalization have prompted many firms to downsize (Appelbaum et. l, 1999). The GFC created considerable uncertainty, in the mining industry. In addition to the recruitment and retention issues, organisations were faced with trying to keep staff motivated at a time when more job losses were predicted and budgets became getting tighter (Dickie and Dwyer,2010). My current employer decided to go through global downsizing as a response to GFC. Fifty per cent of the employees were made redundant and number of the projects was tremendously decreased due to the limited budget. The HR department played an active role in that period to manage the downsizing process. One of the strengths during this process was keeping good communication between HR and the upper level managers. The process was completed with collaborative work between HR and management. The professional assist received from consultants involved improvement the employees’ self awareness levels, increase their motivation and confidence as well as creating effective CVs. However during downsizing process several HR related issues started to rise in the company. The employees who remained in the company lost their trust and motivation. Besides due to loss of skilled labour the productivity decreased and the incident numbers dramatically increased. The turn-over rates were high and the team dynamics were damaged. Eventually the sudden decision given by upper managerial level due to economical downturn resulted serious HR issues in the company. The downsizing process and its long and short term influences for this case study is summarised in Figure 1 below. Global Downsizing Global Financial Crisis HR Issues Redundancies Survival syndrome in remaining employees Increased turn-over records Skills Shortage Increase number of injuries in the company Management of HR Issues Aggressive recruitment policy (overseas transfers, secondments , graduates) Employee Engagement Survey Re-evaluation of salary packages and staff benefits Job Analysis and Talent Assessment Improved Graduate Development Program Maintaining trainings and developments Improvement in Health and Safety System Figure 1. The HR Issues of company. II. A. Survival Syndrome Since company mainly focused on those who lost their jobs; the employees who remained in the company suffered more after redundancies. Employee resentment and concern, loss of morale was high among the remaining employees. The labour shortage created several issues for employees like job burnouts, working longer hours, increased pressure, and role overload and decrease morale. Unfortunately the bad influence of downsizing on the psychology of remaining employees was not well managed by HR department of the company. Brockner (1992) defines ‘the survivor syndrome’ as impact of downsizing on the remaining employees. There is considerable evidence that remaining employees feel shocked, embittered towards management, fearful about their future and guilty about still having a job whilst colleagues have been laid off. Such employees are more likely to have lower morale and increased stress levels, be less productive, and less loyal with increased quit levels. According to study 70 percent of senior managers who remained in downsized firms reported that morale, trust, and productivity declined after downsizing those who lose their jobs may seem the most affected by downsizing, it is more likely that the employees who remain suffer the more negative effects (Appelbaum et. al, 1999). Eventually the HR was not able to create good strategy to keep the remaining employees’ motivation high during downsizing process. Shook and Roth (2010) explained that failure to identify employee issues in the pre-downsizing due diligence phase creates a chaotic workplace atmosphere and increases employee fears and stress levels. These change events affect career uncertainty, fear, and stress in employees. Employees have long-term memories of their old comfortable culture and they fight to keep it. Employee resistance includes a variety of passive as well as aggressive techniques. Culture change may take years to complete and can be difficult to manage, even when HR is fully engaged and supported. These transitions are more difficult to manage when HR is not involved. In fact, culture change may never be fully realized without HR support because of the human resistance (Szabla, 2007). Furthermore due to limited professionals the remaining staff started to have difficulty to maintain the work and life balance. The consequences of imbalance between work and personal or family life were visible at the workplace. The emotional exhaustion, cynicism and burnouts were common. Unfortunately The HR department was not fully aware of the situation until the employee turnovers increased and also effectiveness decreased. With shortages of professionals and an active economy the pressures on existing employees looks set to rise and therefore this is an area which needs to be benchmarked and revisited with a view to adopting best practice throughout the sector (Wilkinson, 2008). II. B. Skills Shortage On the other hand downsizing affects employees’ affective commitment to the organization both directly and indirectly. However, its indirect impact is much stronger (Lee and Corbett, 2005). Apart form the short term sudden effects the long term effects of the downsizing started in the organisation. Working with less force resulted in company to have inadequate supply of talent, increasing number of health and safety incidents at workplace and delays in production due to limited talented labour force. Especially after the recent mining boom, the company decided to increase the number of production activities in spite of limited skilled labour. It is a big challenge nowadays to find the specialised professionals in the mining industry. Apparently the HR division and management team chosen to concentrate on short-term needs rather than the organisation’s long term eeds during GFC. Sheaffer et. al (2009) claim that whereas downsizing affects the short-term performance of larger and established companies positively, it generally affects long-term performance inversely. A common mistake for HR managers is to concentrate on short-term replacement needs rather than on the organisation’s long-range HR requirements. Such a non-strategic approach causes management to be caug ht unawareness by changes in employee availability and quality of labour, creates a series of short-term dilemmas. Stone also adds that of the right numbers of qualified and skilled employees are not available, an organisation may not be able to meet its strategic business objectives (Stone, 2010). The mining companies are now beginning to acknowledge that the current supply shortage is already impacting the productivity, efficiency and profitability of their operations. The shortage of skilled workers in combination with high turn-over rates are among the top factors impacting industry growth, either by stopping or delaying projects that would otherwise proceed, or by significantly adding to the cost of new projects (Schultz and Grimm, 2008). During boom times, mining companies find it difficult to attract staff, even though huge salaries are on offer. This highlights a challenge quite unique to mining; namely, attracting highly skilled people to the remote location of most mine sites (Ednie, 2004). Eventually the skills shortage is still one of the biggest issues in the organisation. Since most of the experienced (high-cost) employees were made redundant company faces challenges in finding the experienced professionals. The HR department started the recruitment process however the mining market is still sparse of skilled professionals in specific roles. This is one of the biggest challenges for the HR department. II. C. Health and Safety Issues Poor occupational health and safety (OHS) performance equates with poor human resource management (HRM), and poor ethical, legal and social responsibility (Stone, 2010). Since the mining boom hit the market recently the mining organisations increased their production activities in order to compete among the resource market. However the number of the staff stayed same while the number of projects was tremendously increasing. This lead to enhance health and safety related incidents at work place. Specifically in this case during the downsizing process most experienced staff with extensive safety culture made redundant. This created a big gap in management of health and safety issues in the company. When employees leave, they take valuable process knowledge, customer and supplier relationships and a host of organizational know-how with them (Schultz and Grimm, 2008). The inexperienced new employees (i. e graduates, overseas staff) have difficulty in implementing the high quality safety standards due to their sparse knowledge about the safety system of the organisation. Therefore increased emphasis on HR management is particularly important to the development of safety culture in the organisation. On the other hand once the crisis in the division was more visible due to increased number of incidents and low quality work the HR department started to take active role in collaboration with upper management. The pro-active recruitment strategy implemented in order to attract more skilled employees. Moreover â€Å"global employee engagement survey† was performed in order to evaluate the current employee’s satisfaction and asses the major HR related issues at that time. This survey added tremendous value to the group to define the major problems in the organisation. The HR department in collaboration with upper managers performed well by initiating extensive survey and also by following up the survey results. III. Improvement in HR Strategies Successive HR planning is essential in order to solve any HR issues at the workplace. During the downsizing process HR department has an important role. Chadwick et al. (2004) indicates that downsizing is more likely to be effective in the longer term when accompanied by accompanied by practices that reinforce the contribution of HR to financial success (e. . , extensive communication, respectful treatment of redundant employees and attention to survivors concerns over job security). Levin (2009) identified three broad priorities in Australian businesses: (1) Retention strategies. (2) Downsizing or â€Å"Right sizing† activity will continue. (3) Organisations need to continue to invest in their people. I n a downturn economy, HR practitioners need to be emphasising to their organisations that it is necessary to do the right thing for the long-term value and sustainability of the business (Levin,2009). This includes recognising the link between leadership and performance, and hence ensuring that leadership talent is retained, developed and, most importantly, allowed to lead through the tough times (HRL, 2009). Based on the literature survey several strategies are proposed in this section to manage the previously defined critical HR issues: A. Investment in HR systems in the organisation: Especially during the global decisions the HR should be in collaboration with all levels of management. Alignment between the business and human resource management (HRM) strategy is the key factor of success for organisations (Wylie,2005 and Wang and Shyu, 2008). Implementing proactive HRM practices and succession planning programs should be one of the targets. B. Gap Analysis: Clear understanding of the problems is severe in HR practice. In order to manage the ‘survivor syndrome’ HR should focus on motivation of remaining employees. The department can make detailed gap analysis and survey in order to assess the staff morale and expectations. This should be followed by upper management actions. C. Optimising Human Capital: Mining companies needed to communicate the reasons for staff redundancies and budget cutbacks and engage their staff in decisions going forward in order to generate trust among their remaining workforce so that they could remain competitive once the economy improved. HR should create serious strategies in order to make people connected to the organisation (Dickie and Dwyer, 2010). D. Talent Assessment: The employee talent assessment in collaboration with HR and line managers will address the current skills gap in the organisation. This will also give good understanding about the skills and expectations of the current staff. E. Training and Career Development: Developing a collaborative, cross-industry strategy for training/educational programs and employer-provided training to facilitate the availability of a skilled labour force is one of the retention strategies. Company should actively support and enhance the people skills and relational abilities of all employees through training and development programs (Dickie and Dwyer, 2010). With this perspective well structured graduate and mentoring program also can be attractive especially for the Gen Y workers. F. Focus on improvements in leadership: Training managers to actively manage retention in their areas also adds value. Besides the leadership competencies of the management should be improved ino der to solve the current challenge. Pick et. al (2010) proposes action reflection learning (ARL) methodology as an HR tool to improve the skills of leaders in the organisation. G. Improvement in Health and Safety: The current safety culture should be measured by HR. Sexton et al (2006) describes Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) as an HR tool which helps to measure the team work climate, job satisfaction, perceptions of management, safety climate, working conditions and stress recognition. Also learning from incidents as well as improved safety system should be managed by HR. On the other hand visible leadership and supervising on sites should be maintained to assist the new employees. H. Growing the Talent Pool: Since it is a big challenge to attract the best employees in the market, employee benefit offerings such as full medical, dental, profit sharing and wellness programs could be effective. Attractive packages in a work culture with a family-oriented atmosphere need to be developed. Recruitment strategies should be improved to persuade the skilled specialists in the market. I. Communication: The mostly effective companies have two-way communication between senior leaders and employees. A good communication plan on how to deliver HR initiatives would be beneficial (Dickie and Dwyer,2010). IV. Conclusion Since mining operations operate with a finite resource, often remote locations, require specialised skills, with high capital intensity and are subject to political, social and environmental global issues. Downsizing policies will be choice of the organisations in the market with plunging commodity prices and falling demand (Dickie and Dwyer,2010). Strong HR strategy creating a link between leadership and performance is a key factor to cope with these trends in the resource sector. References Appelbaum, S. H. , A. , Everard, and L. T. S. , Hung. 1999. Strategic downsizing:critical success factors. Management Decision, 37(70): 535-552. http://www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au Brockner, J. 1992. Managing the Effects of Layoffs on Survivors, California Management Review. (34): 9-27. Cameron, K. S. , D. A. , Whetten, and M. U. , Kim. 1987. Organizational dysfunctions of decline, Academy of Management Journal, 30: 126-38. Chadwick, C. , L. W. , Hunter, and S. L. , Walston. 2004. Effects of Downsizing Practices on the Performance of Hospitals, Strategic Management Journal, 25(5):405–427. CME . 2006. Australia Strategic Management Issues Facing WA in 2007 and beyond, Chamber of Minerals Energy, Perth. Department of Resources Energy and Tourism, Australian Government, 2009. Our people: Demographics, workforce and Indigenous Participation. Enhancing Australia’s Economic Prosperity. ttp://www. ret. gov. au/energy Dickie, C. , and Dwyer, J. 2010. A 2009 perspective of HR practices in Australian mining. Journal of Management Development. 30(4):329-343. Ednie, H. 2004. Innovative solutions for mining’s human resource challenges, CIM Bulletin, 97(1076):9. HRL. 2009. How HR Can Revive to Survive, Human Resources Leader, Chatswood. Kozlowski, W. J. S. , G. T. , Chao, E. M. , Smith, and J. , Hedlund. 1993. Organizational downsizing: strategies, interventions, and research implications, International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8: 263-317. Levin, A. 2009. HR Priorities in 2009: The Landscape Continues to Change, Brisbane. http://www. astorlevin. com Lee, J. , and J. M. Corbett. 2005. The impact of downsizing on employees’ affective commitment, Journal of Managerial Psychology,21(3):176-199. Pick, D. , K. ,Dayaram and B. Butler. 2010. Regional development and global capitalism:the case of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Society and Business Review, 5(1):99-110. http://www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au Schultz, R. and M. , Grimm. 2008. Recruitment and Retention Challenges in the Mining Industry, MRC-Business Consulting Services. http://mining. com Sexton, J. B. , R. L. Helmreaich, T. B. Neilands, K. Rowan, K. Vella, J. Boyden. , et al. 2006a. The safety attitudes questionmnaire:Pschometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Services Research, 6(1): 1-44. Sheaffer,Z. , A. Carmeli, M. S. , Revivo, and S. Zionit. 2009. Dwonsizing strategies and organisational performance:a longitudinal study, Management Divison, 47(6):950-974. http://www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ Shook, L. V. , and G. Roth. 2010. Downsizings, mergers, and acquisitions –Perspectives of human resource development practitioners, Journal of European Industrial Training. 35(2):135-153. http://www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au Stone, R. J. (2008) â€Å"Managing Human Resources† 3rd Edition, Brisbane: John Wiley Sons. Szabla, D. 2007. A multidimensional view of resistance to organizational change: exploring cognitive, emotional, and intentional responses to planned change across perceived leadership strategies, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18( 4):525-58. Wang, D. and C. , Shyu. 2008. Will the strategic fit between business and HRM strategy influence HRM effectiveness and organisational performance? , International Journal of Manpower, 29(2):92. Wilkinson, S. J. 2008. Work-life balance in the Australian and New Zealand surveying profession, Structural Survey, 26(2):120-130. Wylie, J. 2005. The ideal antidote to shrinking margins – doing more with your existing assets and people, Engineering and Mining Journal, 206(6):58. How to cite Human Resources Issues in Mining, Papers

Telstra Corporation Limited Essay Example

Telstra Corporation Limited Essay Background of the company Telstra Corporation Limited is a telecommunications and media company, which is a leading provider of mobile phones, mobile devices, home phones, broadband internet and operating telecommunications networks in Australia. Telstra’s goal is to be one of the most admire, respected and trusted telecommunication companies in the world with their four strategic priorities of improving customer satisfaction, retaining and growing our customer numbers, simplifying the business, and developing new growth businesses (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2012).With its successful in Australia, Telstra has also operates entities in other foreign countries. Beside some offshore controlled entities that provide managed network services, international data and satellite across Asia Pacific, China, India, Europe and Africa, Telstra also has two largest telecommunications provider and mobile operator in New Zealand and Hong Kong, which are TelstraClear and CSL New World (Tels tra Corporation Limited, 2010).According to the latest Telstra’s annual report (2012), the company’s strategy will be continue to provide customers and shareholders an opportunity to gain more benefits, with an increased focus on customer service leading to strong customer retention and acquisition in the next few years. 2. 0 Telstra’s financial analysis 3. 1 Summary of key revenue and profit data Telstra Corporation Limited| 2008 ($m)1| 2009 ($m)2| 2010 ($m)3| 2011 ($m)4| 2012 ($m)5| Sales revenues| 24,657| 25,371| 24,813| 24,983| 25,232| Other revenues| 171| 136| 104| 110| 136|Total revenues| 24,828| 25,507| 24,917| 25,093| 25,368| Profits before tax| 5,140| 5,658| 5,538| 4,557| 4,934| Table 1. Key revenue and profit data of Telstra Corporation Limited As can be clearly seen in Table 1, the revenues of Telstra Corporation Limited have risen to $25. 5 billion in 2009 and fall down to $24. 9 billion in the next year. According to the annual report of Telstra Cor poration Limited (2010), the decline in revenues of the year 2010 has been driven by lower usage across all calling categories and the continued dall in SIOs from acceleration of retail customer loss.However, in 2011, the revenues started to rise again and have increased by 1. 1% to $25. 4 billion in 2012 (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2012). On the other hand, the report also shown that the company’s profit has fallen to $4. 5 billion in 2011 and started to increase by 8. 3% to $4. 9 billion in 2012. However, this result is still lower than the profits that the company got in the three years 2008 – 2010, which are over $5 billion. 3. 2 Summary of Foreign Revenues Foreign revenues| 2008 ($m)1| 2009 ($m)2| 2010 ($m)3| 2011 ($m)4| 2012 ($m)5| Hong Kong (CSL New World)| 917| 989| 770| 814| 860|New Zealand (Telstra Clear)| 562| 547| 529| 516| 501| Other offshore controlled entities| 346| 390| 293| 299| 453| Total foreign revenues| 1,825| 1,926| 1,592| 1,629| 1,814| Table 2. Foreign revenues of Telstra Corporation Limited | 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| Total foreign revenues as %| 7. 3%| 7. 5%| 6. 3%| 6. 4%| 7. 1%| Table 3. Total foreign revenues as percentage Referring to Table 2 above, we can clearly see that the revenues of CSL New World, TelstraClear and other offshore controlled entities had decline significantly in 2010. In percentage term, the revenue of foreign entities decreased by 6. % in 2010 and started to rise slowly in the next two years. According to the annual report of Telstra Corporation Limited (2010), the revenue performance of CSL New World was negatively impacted by lower local voice yields and reduced international roaming driven by lower outbound travel among CSL New World’s customer base since the beginning of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). However in 2011, the revenues have shown signs of improvement due to the recovery of Hong Kong’s economy while TelstraClear revenue continued to decrease slightly.On the o ther hand, revenue from other offshore controlled entities has declined by $97 million in 2010 due to the foreign currency movements and increased by $6 million in the year after (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2011). 3. 3 Rate of exchange and trend of statistic Rates of exchange1| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| New Zealand (NZD)| 1. 264| 1. 244| 1. 230| 1. 295| 1. 276| Hong Kong (HKD)| 7. 503| 6. 237| 6. 668| 8. 248| 7. 882| Table 4. Rates of exchange Table 4 above has clearly shown that between the years 2008-2012, the New Zealand dollar has depreciated from NZD1. 264 to NZD1. 76 to buy an Australian Dollar, espacially in 2011. According to the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (2012), New Zealand Dollar depreciate is because of its already difficult economic environment being further impact by the Christchurch earthquakes. Therefore, although the revenue of TelstraClear in New Zealand has increased by 1. 4% from NZ$664 million to NZ$673 million in 2011, but the revenue in Australian Dolla r still decrease by (2. 5)% from A$529 million to A$516 million (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2011). On the other hand, the Hong Kong dollar also depreciated from HKD7. 503 to HKD7. 82 to buy an Australian Dollar between the years 2008-2012. In 2011, the Australian Dollar significantly appreciated against the Hong Kong Dollar with AUD1. 00 = HKD8. 248. Referring to the annual report of Telstra Corporation Limited (2011), the revenue in Hong Kong Dollar, which is their local currency, has grew by 19% from HK$5,264 million to HK$6,262 million in 2011 compared to the prior year. Despite the year on year change in the HKD/AUD exchange rate, the revenue of CSL New World in Australian Dollar still rise significantly due to the growth of customer numbers (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2011).Telstra manage the translation foreign exchange risk with forward foreign currency contracts, cross currency swaps and/or borrowings denominated in the currency of the entity concerned (Telstra Corporati on Limited, 2012). They currently hedge their net investments in TelstraClear Limited and Hong Kong CSL Limited in New Zealand Dollar and Hong Kong Dollar spectively. Although there is some volatility in profit or loss from exchange rate, there is no significant impact on profit or loss from foreign currency movements. 3. 0 Australia versus Hong KongAustralia| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| Economic growth rates1| 2. 2| 1. 5| 2. 4| 2. 3| 3. 3| Interest rates2| 7. 25| 3. 0| 4. 5| 4. 75| 3. 50| Inflation rates3| 3. 7| 2. 1| 2. 7| 3. 1| 2. 0| Hong Kong| | | | | | Economic growth rates4| 2. 3| -2. 6| 7. 1| 5. 0| 1. 8| Interest rates5| 3. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| Inflation rates6| 4. 3| 0. 6| 2. 3| 5. 3| 3. 8| Table 5. Australia vs Hong Kong As can be clearly seen in Table 5, the averaged economic growth in Australia between 2008 and 2012 was 2. 3%, which is slightly lower than Hong Kong’s averaged economic growth of 2. %. According to Table 4 in section 2. 3, over the same period, the foreign exchange rates of Hong Kong Dollar increased from AUD1. 00 = HKD7. 503 to AUD1. 00 = HKD7. 882. As a result, Hong Kong dollar is depreciated against Australia Dollar. This movement in currency value is not consistent with the theory that Eun and Resnick (2012) has states, which is higher income growth will increased demand and result in currency appreciation. On the other hand, the average interest rate in Australia is 4. 6% and is higher than Hong Kong, which is only 1. %. According to Eun and Resnick (2012), higher in interest rate will generally lead to an increase in demand by investor. As a result, the Australia currency will be appreciated against Hong Kong currency. This result has reflected exactly what has been analysed above in both countries currency. In Australia, the average inflation rate between the years 2008-2012 is 2. 72%. While in Hong Kong, the average inflation rate over the same period is 3. 26%. It can be clearly seen that the inflation rat e of Hong Kong is higher than Australia.Eun and Resnick (2012) has stated that, higher inflation rate will lead to the depreciation of currency due to the decrease in demand and selling off local currency to buy cheaper goods elsewhere. In overall, the movement in currency value of Hong Kong and Australia is consistent with the theory that Eun and Resnick stated in International Financial Management (2012). 4. 0 Derivative Financial Instruments 5. 4 Fair value hedges Telstra use fair value hedges to mitigate the risk of changes in the fair value of our foreign currency borrowings from foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations over the hedging period.Where a fair value hedge qualifies for hedge accounting, gains or losses from remeasuring the fair value of the hedging instrument are recognised within finance costs in the income statement, together with gains and losses in relation to the hedged item where those gains or losses relate to the risks intended to be hedged (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2012). 5. 5 Cash flow hedges Telstra use cash flow hedges to mitigate the risk of variability of future cash flows attributable to foreign currency fluctuations over the hedging period associated with their foreign currency borrowings and on going business activities.They also use cash flow hedges to hedge variability in cash flows due to interest rate movements associated with some of their domestic borrowings (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2012). 5. 6 Hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation The foreign operations that Telstra invests are exposed to foreign currency risk, which arises when they translate the net assets of their foreign investments from their functional currency to Australian dollars.Telstra hedge their investments to mitigate exposure to this risk by using forward foreign currency contracts, cross currency swaps and/or borrowings in the relevant currency of the investment (Telstra Corporation Limited, 2012). 5. 0 Reference list Departm ent of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2013). Countries and Regions. Australia Facts Sheet. Retrieved from: http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2013). Countries and Regions. Hong Kong Facts Sheet. Retrieved from: http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/ Eun, S. and Resnick, B. 2012) International Financial Management, (6th edn. ) McGraw-Hill, New York. Hong Kong Monetary Authority (2013). Monetary Stability. Interest Rate Adjustment Mechanism. Retrieved from: http://www. hkma. gov. hk/eng/key-functions/monetary-stability. shtml Oanda (2013). Currency Exchange. Retrieved from: http://www. oanda. com/ Reserve Bank of Australia, (2013). Monetary Policy. Interest Rate Decision. Retrieved from: http://www. rba. gov. au/monetary-policy/int-rate-decisions/ Telstra Corporation Limited (2008). Annual Report. Retrieved from: http://www. elstra. com. au/abouttelstra/investor/financial-information/annual-reports/ Telstra Corporation Limited (2009). Annual Report. Retrieved from: http://www. telstra. com. au/abouttelstra/investor/financial-information/annual-reports/ Telstra Corporation Limited (2010). Annual Report. Retrieved from: http://www. telstra. com. au/abouttelstra/investor/financial-information/annual-reports/ Telstra Corporation Limited (2011). Annual Report. Retrieved from: http://www. telstra. com. au/abouttelstra/investor/financial-information/annual-reports/