Aerobic Training Strategies Are Used For Training - 806 Words

Figure skating requires the athletes to use precise and nearly perfected executed moves during a routine. Aerobic Training strategies are used for training figure skaters. Normal practice times run as long as two hours, two times a day totaling at least four hours on ice. â€Å"During a two hour training session roughly 2,200 kcal/day are burned† (Bozeman, 1998). While a two hour training session, 250-300 kcal/hr are used. In order to keep a balanced diet skaters are recommended to primarily intake carbohydrates. A normal calorie distribution consists of â€Å"60% Carbohydrate, 16% Protein, 24% Fat† (Bozeman, 1998). This balanced diet targets the certain energy systems used for this sport. As mentioned before, coaches use an aerobic training†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Skating combines elements of athleticism and artistry, requiring strength, flexibility, power, endurance, and grace† as stated by the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Perform ance ( 2007). Skaters much have adequate aerobic endurance for performances, which can last up to 10 minutes as well as anaerobic capacities that can sustain bursts of energy for the many different types of jumps they present. These athletes commonly incorporate interval training into their programs as it alternates activities between high and moderate intensities, similar to what they will encounter during a performance. Considering that the sport requires an increased aerobic fitness, in order to provide the muscles with enough oxygen throughout a performance (to supply the muscles to move properly) the athlete must either increase the total amount of time the body is under stress or the intensity of the activity. Longer workouts targets the aerobic endurance where as the shorter and higher intensity workout increased the speed and power. For instance, working with increased intensity will heighten the muscular and aerobic endurance. Intensity by pushing to the point of volitiona l muscle fatigue creates an overload on the muscle tissue, which if repeated over time, will build a tolerance for it (pushing the threshold higher). If the strength threshold is higher than being used, the lesser activity can be endured a longer period ofShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Fibromyalgia1267 Words   |  6 Pagesbeneficial in decreasing symptoms of multiple disease processes such as Fibromyalgia (Damush, Wu, Bair, Sutherland, Kroenke, 2008). As society continues to see an increase of obesity and overweight populations, including in childhood, a preventative strategy at a primary care level showcases the benefits of this important health behavior change. Background Idiopathic pain is the hallmark symptom of Fibromyalgia (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, and Bucher, 2015, p. 1590). A growing body of evidence suggestsRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder Case Study848 Words   |  4 Pagesdiagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) in their lives. â€Å"Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in the United States† (Olson, 2017). Aerobic exercise has been the focus of an effective treatment for depression. One study was done that looked at exercise as an â€Å"augmentation strategy for patients reporting persistent cognitive deficits following selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment† (Olson, 2017). Groups in this study showed improvements in cognitiveRead MoreTouch the Energy Systems1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Energy Systems Inocentes, Steven 11 Physical Education Unit 2, 2012 - Touch amp; the Energy Systems Inocentes, Steven Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction____________________________________________________2 2.0 Energy Systems used in touch______________________________________2 3.1 Fatigue and Performance during Touch________________________3 3.0 Recommendations – Tactics / Strategies_____________________________3 4.0 Conclusion ____________________________________________________4 Read MoreThe Course Of Care And Specific Therapeutic Interventions At A 72 Year Old Female With Relapsing Remitting Ms1101 Words   |  5 PagesAdditionally, aerobic capacity and cardiovascular endurance are often reduced in individuals with MS, consequently affecting functional performance. Several previous studies report the impact of aerobic training on common limitations (fatigue, endurance, aerobic capacity) as well as the effectiveness of aerobic exercise for people with progressive disease (dalgas, Finlayon, petajan, latimer-cheung). Strong evidence provided by a couple sources reported aerobic/endurance training increases aerobic capacityRead MoreThe Mission Of A Strength And Conditioning Program934 Words   |  4 Pagesforce, power, aerobic capacity, aerobic power and elastic anaerobic power are of prime importance in football. Those are the variables that must be developed. Periodization is probably the most important concept in strength and conditioning for football. The concept of periodization is based on Hans Selke s general adaptation theory. This theory suggests that there are three body adaptation phases to a given stress: The first one is the shock; when the body is exposed to a training stimulus, thereRead MoreBe Strong(Ryka Case Study)947 Words   |  4 Pagesspending months talking to shoe salespeople, retailers, aerobics instruc ¬tors, and exercise enthusiasts, she found that there was no athletic shoe designed specifically for women. Shoes sold to women were made simply by shrinking male shoes to smaller sizes. Such shoes did not accommodate women s higher arches, narrower heels, and broader forefeet. With the help of a Texas investment banker, Sheri founded RYKA with just $4 million, most of which was used to design and produce shoes. Even though it hadRead MoreEffects Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On The United States Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pages2011; Lobelo, Stoutenberg, Hutber, 2014). Exercise therapy is a key factor to programming. Effective training protocol that elicits a high rate of compliance will produce positive outcomes. Although moderate intensity continuous training has been the main training regimen recommended in cardiac rehabilitation guidelines, Ito, Mizoguchi, and Saeki (2016) found high-intensity interval training reported to be more effective in the clinical and experimental setting from the standpoint of peak oxygenRead MoreThe Benefits Of High Intensity Interval Training On Obese And Obese Women1741 Words   |  7 Pagesof High Intensity Interval Training on Obese and Overweight Women Jamela Rabino San Francisco State University  The Benefits of High Intensity Interval Training on Obese and Overweight Women Obesity is a prevalent and life-threatening health condition among our nation as a majority of individuals become3 more sedentary, exercise programs such as high intensity interval training (HIIT) have been developed. HIIT has become a widely known form of training that consists of alternatingRead MoreSample Resume : Training Program Essay1800 Words   |  8 Pagesresistance and aerobic training. The female is a full time cashier and has limited experience to physical training. Aside from the daily walking and standing from her full time job the female gets little to no resistance or aerobic exercise. In younger years the female would travel by foot most of the time, so there is a part history as it comes to â€Å"training† aerobically. She is known to experience some pain in her bones but has been cleared to do moderate, low impact, resistance and aerobic exercise.Read MorePhysical Activity Level And Health Status3590 Words   |  15 Pagesshowing that regular exercise is an effective strategy to prevent and treat several chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, depression, and osteoporosis) [29]. It has been demonstrated that the current CPAG is sufficient to elicit health benefits, especially in people who were previously sedentary [30]. Generally, a positive linear relationship exists between physical activity level and health status [31]. Both aerobic and resistance exercises have been shown to

The Trade and Use of Drugs in Latin America Essay

Films often depict the trade and use of drugs in Latin America as an extremely violent situation. Countries like Columbia or Mexico are usually where the drugs come from while the United States are the destination. More times than not, Latin America plays the role of an antagonist while the United States plays the protagonist. A film about Latin America, when pertaining to the United States, can fall into one of three categories: fully Latin American, a joint effort between Latin American countries and the United States, or a film by the United States. Gerado Naranjo’s Miss Bala (2011), is a Mexican film that is set in Tijuana, Mexico, and follows a young Mexican pageant girl as she becomes mixed up in the Mexican drug cartels. Maria Full†¦show more content†¦Main differences in these films are not in the depictions of the drug cartel, most likely because they are, in actuality, as bad as they seem on film. Differences arise in how the drugs relate to those using them or moving them, how they impact the characters, and the role the United States plays in relation to the characters and cartel. Drug cartels, in reality, are just as bad as they appear on film. Authorities estimate that between eighteen and thirty-nine billion dollars are brought in from drug sales to the United States each year (Keefe). It is also estimated that the war on drugs has caused over 50,000 deaths in Mexico alone since 2006 (Keefe). Deaths are often overlooked because they are not compiled by thousands at once, but gradually over a large area. Other illegal activity such as kidnapping and oil theft have came about from the cartel (Mexico’s Drug Trafficking Organizations: Source and Scope of the Violence). All three films, Miss Bala, Maria Full of Grace, and Traffic give similar accounts to the way the cartel takes people’s lives, only in different areas of the drug moving process. Miss Bala shows a firefight between the DEA (drug enforcement agency) and the Tijuana cartel. This firefight contains heavy weaponry and lots of gunshots, but few people. Less than twenty cartel members can be seen in this firefight while even fewer DEA agents are seen. A beautiful young woman, Laura Guerrero (Stephanie Sigman), is the mainShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Latin American Culture On Latin America1656 Words   |  7 Pagesactive war zone, living in Latin America would be much like that. The war being fought here is very different, instead of fighting another country, they are fighting drugs. Although war is generally a negative thing, this one is not. In this war there are negatives, but the positives far outweigh them. Latin American countries have witnessed the very noticeable benefits of the drug trade in many aspects of everyday life. The use and production of drugs is important to Latin American culture, bringsRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt And The United States1699 Words   |  7 PagesDuring a 1928 goodwill speech in Latin America, President Herbert Hoover said, â€Å"We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial relations of governments with each other, but also the relations of good neighbors† (United States History). Hence, the Good Neighbor phrase was coined as the Coolidge Administration was criticized for armed intervention in Latin America. The Hoover Administration’s policies were created to strengthen relations with Latin America; for instance the retraction of the TheodoreRead MoreEssay Drug Trafficking, Consequences, and Accountability1453 Words   |  6 Pages The illegal drug trafficking found throughout Latin America is not an issue that can be solved by either a government or an individual alone. Unfortunately, it is also an issue that requires more than one solution in order to solve the problem. Each Latin American state is unique, as are the various citizens who inhabit them. As drug trafficking is a transnational force, Latin American governments often find themselves not only at odds with one another, but with larger political and economic powersRead MoreDrug Trafficking And Its Effects On America964 Words   |  4 Pages In regard to Latin America, this area is a crucial geographical zone for drug trafficking and production. Due to the location, the drug trade has found its perfect home, vast mountains and forests enable huge farms to produce and ship drugs to any region they want. Whether it is Colombia, Peru or one of the many countries found to be in this vast collection of drug trafficking, it is apparent that they all share similar geographies that allow the trade to continue. As a result of this, countriesRead MoreThe Impact Of Drug Trafficking And Organized Crime1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has a vast illegal drug market as well as high numbers of people indulging in organized crime. Drug law enforcement personnel face problems when protecting the United States borders to avoid any drug trafficking instances. Drug trafficki ng involves smuggling of illegal drugs producing states such as Mexico to the consumer markets in other regions within the United States Organized Crime, on the other hand, is the practice of the offense through threats or violence and aims to collectRead MoreDrug Trafficking1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issueRead MoreEssay on Mexican/Latin American â€Å"War† on Drugs and Trafficking1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issue inRead MoreThe War on Drugs1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe war on drugs began in the United States in 1971 when President Richard Nixon declared war. President Nixon increased the number of federal drug control agencies, increased mandatory sentences for drug offenders, and utilized no-knock warrants in attempt to get the problem under control. It has been over forty years since President Nixon declared a war on drugs. Did America win the war on drugs? Is it time to legalize illicit drugs in this country? What are other countries doing in referenceRead MoreDrug Trafficking And Its Effects On America1600 Words   |  7 Pages In a country of struggling economies, many have viewed the drug trade as one South American’ s most successful businesses. Latin America s drug trafficking industry has been depicted in United States popular culture through motion pictures such as Scarface and Traffic. The purpose of my research is to take away society’s perception of what Hollywood has depicted drug trade to be and bring out what narcotics trafficking really is, as well as trying to coincide with the motivations of those peopleRead MoreThe Causes Of Drug Trafficking991 Words   |  4 PagesThe crime I chose is drug trafficking. Drug Trafficking has affected nearly every inch of the world. Drug trafficking has brought untold riches to criminals and has left almost everything else in society tainted. Drug Trafficking has affected both the minority and majority members around the globe. Every country in the world criminal’s groups seem to have their hand in the drug trade. Even though almost ever y country criminal’s organization has their hand in the drug trade it is the unstable countries

Scholastic’s Marketing Strategy Free Essays

Evolving a successful marketing strategy depends on an effective situation analysis, which involves identifying the customer needs, changes in the operating environment, new opportunities, and the capability of the company to meet these changes. Scholastic corporation is one of the leading publishers catering to the children’s segment. With decades of experience in children’s publishing and links with most schools libraries across the nation the company has a great outreach to the student segment compared to other competing publishers. We will write a custom essay sample on Scholastic’s Marketing Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, some changes in the external factors have clearly affected the company’s business in a negative way. First and foremost of them is the government’s cutting short of school budget allocation, which implied that libraries could no longer afford to spend funds for buying new books. This was a drastic blow for Scholastic as the company depended on its extensive tie-ups with school libraries for its regular business. Next, is the surge of the competitors such as Simon and Schuster and Houghton Mifflin who are capitalizing on Scholastic’s inept handling of the changing market situation. These competitors, by their more effective marketing strategies have already started to increase their share in the market, which was previously largely dominated by Scholastic. Scholastic has failed to forge relationships with teachers and management in reaching out to the students. This lack of appreciation of the value of proper human relations is another big hurdle in its business interests, especially when the market seems to be lagging. To be successful under these changing circumstances Scholastic has to revamp their marketing strategy. Focus should be placed on increasing the literacy interests of the younger generation. Under the strange circumstances that the government is crying about improving the literacy skills of students while at the same time cutting the funding for the schools, Scholastic could put to good use its extensive connections with schools by actively participating and organizing book fairs and book clubs. An important fact is that book fairs promote book sales and stimulates reading in children, which in turn implies more books sales. Scholastic should sponsor more book clubs, which would help kindle the reading habits of the school going children. Thus by co-ordinating and working actively with school management Scholastic could promote the reading interests among children which seems to be threatened by the funding cuts by the government. Given that more than 100,000 school book fairs are organized every year around the country, it is plainly obvious that Scholastic should actively participate with the schools in organizing and conducting these book fairs and book club’s. These programs, though, may involve expenditure on the part of the company, constitute a good strategy which promises a lot in the long-term. Thus, by organizing these book fairs and book clubs with minimum or even as a non-profit initiative, Scholastic corporation could actively contribute to promoting literacy interests of children upon which rests the success of its future business. How to cite Scholastic’s Marketing Strategy, Essay examples

Development and Environmental Economics.

Question: Discuss about the Development and Environmental Economics.. Answer: Introduction: One of the key historical models of economic growth is the model given by Walt Whitman Rostow in the year 1960, who was an American economist and came to be known as the Rostows Stages of Economic Growth (Tangherlini Yea, 2008). This model proposes that the economic growth takes place in five basic stages, which are varied in lengths. These five stages are the traditional society, the preconditions for take-off, the take off, the drive to maturity and the age of high mass consumption (Rostow, 1960). This model became one of the key concepts towards the theory of modernization in the social evolutionism. However, this theory has been criticized for being historical and mechanical (Rist, 2008). In the following parts, this theory has been critically analyzed and its various aspects have been thoroughly elucidated. The model given by Rostow is more of structuralist models pertaining to the economic growth, especially when compared to the backwardness model, which had been formulated by Alexander Gerschenkron, even when these models are not mutually exclusive. It was argued by Rostow that the economic take-off initially should be led by only a handful of individual economic sectors. The comparative advantage thesis, by David Ricardo echoed this belief and the push for economic self-reliance by the Marxist revolutionaries were criticized on the basis that it pushed for the early development of merely one-two sectors in comparison to an equal development of all the sectors (Deji, 2012). The analysis of Rostow of the economic growth has had a mixed reaction. On one hand, the treatment of growth by Rostow has been highly applauded, whilst on the other, this very analysis covered in the piece of economic literature, same has been sternly criticized (Seers, 1963). The historical approach taken by Rostow towards the economic development has been a subject of criticism on various grounds. The first and foremost being, that the traditional society is not requisite for a development. There are a range of countries, for instance Australia, New Zealand, Canada and United States, which had their inception free from the conventional based societies and in addition to this, these nations derived the pre-condition from the United Kingdom, which was an already advanced nation. Hence, it is not necessary that a nation has to pass through the initial stage for its growth (Onyeka, 2015). The pr-conditions are not necessarily required to pave the way for the take-off. The only things which are required to precede the take-off are the accumulation of the SOC (social overhead capital) in transport and the agricultural revolution (Gupta, 2009). The experiences of the majority of nations show that the agricultural development continues to take place even in the take-off stage. The next point of critique is the over-lapping of the diverse phases. Rostow has stated that there are various different stages for economic growth, but these are not mutually exclusive, furthermore, these can easily overlap each other. The features of the initial phases are often found mixed up with the features of the latter phases. A later phase could easily have some residue of an earlier stage. So, the process of splitting up the economic development in different stages or phases is a subject which has serious limitations (Hoen, 2010). There is also a difficulty in dividing the growth process in diverse phases or stages. The majority of the growth economists refrain from agreeing to the probability of a division of history in particular stages of development. They believe that such stages are not inevitable as are death and birth; in addition to this, the stages do not follow a sequential base like that of old age, maturity, adolescent, childhood and infant. It was observed by Professor Meyer regarding this matter that each economy, with a common past, as well as the same future, follows the same course of development, so as to over schematize the multifarious development forces, in addition to giving the sequential stages a commonality which is unnecessary (Brass, 2014). It remains unwarranted that each economy ought to follow the similar development sequence. It is quite possible that a nation would reach the last stages even without having to pass through the initial stages. Hence, the stages can easily be skipp ed over (Sanderson, 2013). The take-off stage has also received its fair-share of criticism. This is the stage which has been most widely discussed for being the controversial stage. As per Professor A.K. Cairncross, this stage has hit the minds of the public in the most impactful manner and has struck most forcibly. This is undoubtedly because of the aeronautical metaphor-prolonged in the phrase into the self-sustained growth, which proposes immediately an effortless, as well as, a conclusive congenial to the modern thought. The economists and the histories have reacted to it in a less favorable manner. These individuals have developed familiarity towards the emphasis on the continuity towards the historical changes, the trace back to an earlier era where the forces produced a social explosion, as well as, towards providing an explanation regarding the perceptible jumps in the economic development (Gupta, 2009). The dates stated for the take-off are doubtful (Fernando, 2011). As per Professor Higgins, the historians of economics were skeptical regarding the take-off dates which were recommended by Rostow. These dates are also varied based on the publication time period. In 1937, the takeoff into self-sustained growth was provided, though in the later publications, it states that it had been given in 1952 (Gupta, 2009). The fact of the matter here is that it would take a number of years for the researchers to make a determination regarding the aptness of the dates, which were by Rostow. Moreover, the possibility of any failure has been clearly avoided. In the views of Habakuk, in the aeronautical concept of growth, Rostow had completely moved passed the crash landings and the bump downs. Also, the analysis of the take-offs blatantly neglects the effects of the historical heritage, the degree of backwardness, the time of entry to the process of contemporary economic growth, in addition to the other relevant factors regarding the features of the initial stages of the contemporary economic growth in the varied nations (Economics Discussion, 2017). There have been critics who have pointed towards the productive investment rate becoming higher, i.e., over 10% of the national income, which is arbitrary. In this regard, Professor A.K. Das Gupta had questioned the sanctity regarding this specific percentage (Gupta, 2009). He stated that with 10% annual saving, it can be expected that an economy would acquire a higher trend in the per capita income, until the rate of population growth, as well as, the capital output ratio becomes peculiarly high. So, any demarcation along with these lines is arbitrary (Persaud, 2017). Also, there is not a single historical date which would validate the sharp rise in the saving income ratio at the starting of industrialization. Professor Rostow had made an emphasis towards the handful of leading sectors, including roads, textile, rail etc (Gale, 2008). Though, the economic growth has not necessarily been continuously administered by the development of the handful of such leading sectors solely. The utility of this idea was questioned by Professor Cairncross, towards helping in understanding the take-off. He has put forward questions regarding the connection amid the initial and the later stages. Along with this, he has questioned regarding the need of the leading sectors to be in the manufacturing. He put forward the question that if the railway building can qualify in this regard then why the retail distribution of agriculture was prohibited (Rostow Baker, 2016). Another criticism relates to the negligible difference between the 1st and the 3rd condition. The last stipulation for the take-off relates to the existence of materialization of a cultural structure which provides an outgoing character to growth (Offiler, 2015). The important stipulation for this relates to the capability to muster up the capital from domestic resources and this is just restatement of the initial stipulation of take-off. In the opinion of Professor Cairncross, even the definition of such terms fails in telling anything regarding the factors which are at work here, as one can construe only their existence from the fact of take-off and the possibility from the established reality of their subsistence can never be deduced. The scholars have also raised the issue regarding the empirical coverage in the analysis of Rostow, of being inadequate, as well as being narrow. The data analyzed by him relates to a number of nations during the past century (Kempchen, 2015). The ma jor statics for the nations have been, till now, highly unreliable. So, any generalization which is based on such a narrow statistical base cannot be held to be very reliable. The concept of self-sustained growth is also a source of criticism, as this is very misleading. As per Professor Kuznets, a growth is not purely self-limiting or self sustaining. The economic growth is a struggle and to call it self-sustained or self-generating at any stage would be both wrong, as well as, misleading. Some scholars have also gone forward to state that Rostow was a false prophet. Any proposal is welcomed in the history of ideas, which could help in understanding the past, as well as, ease up the building of a promising future. The attempts made by Rostow have not succeeded in any direction. This point of view has been put forward by H.J. Habakuk. He has opined that there is no conformity of the experience of the European nations to the pattern of growth presented by Rostow. Even the economic development of the under developed nations do not lend any credit to the pattern of growth given by Rostow. So, the analysis of Rostow is not based on the sound reasonings (Gupta, 2009). Rostow was not successfully in providing a base for separating distinctly one stage of from the other one. It also becomes difficult in ascertaining where and when a specific stage initiates and the other one ends. This is the prima facie case, according to Kuznets, for expecting the overlapping of the preconditions and the take-off stage (Mukherjee Chakrabarti, 2016). As per Professor Meir, the stage of analysis given by Rostow is not applicable over all the nations. In fact, some of the nations may jump some specific stages during the growth process of such stages. There is also an uncertainty in the historical models of economic growth (Wallerstein, Rojas Lemert, 2015). Also, it has not been stated regarding what would happen after the fifth stage of growth, as it is beyond the canvas of growth analysis given by Rostow. Another criticism in this regards is that the stage of drive to maturity is very puzzling (Somashekar, 2007). It contains the features of take-off in form of the rate of net investment being over 10% of the national income, the development of leading institutions, sectors and new production techniques. This begs the question for the requirement for a distinct stage where the procedure of growth becomes totally self-sustainable. In actuality, it can easily be self-sustained at the stage of take-off. As has been earlier stated that it has been observed by Kuznets that none of the growths can be either purely self-limiting or self-sustaining (Gupta, 2009). The categorization of a single growth stage is self sustained by implications and also of others, as it lacks that property and requires substantive evidence, as well as, the analysis, which Rostow has failed in providing. There is no chronological sequence to the stage of high mass consumption. The manner in which the age of high mas s consumption has been defined is such that some of nations, for instance, Canada or Australia, have had entreated this stage, even before they could attain their maturity. As per the critics, the period of mass consumption is merely the same thing, minus the ideological overtone. One more objection which has been raised against the mass consumption is that there has been undue emphasis over the social welfare, consumption and over the national power (Economics Discussion, 2017). There have been critics who have presented the view that this theory is completely a response of the American scholars to the post World War II period context (Ogot, 2005). This model has made it amply clear that the inherent purpose of the Rostows modernization theory is towards the shaping of development of only the emerging nations belonging to the western colonies and descending them towards the capitalist block. Hence, this theory was developed in the context which is specifically suited to only that culture, and is not necessarily appropriate for the others. This very contextual emergence of the modernization theory has been the inception points to all the uncertainties and reservations towards the objectivity of this approach. For instance, the theory has said to be an ethnocentric one. This becomes apparent when the leading proponents, i.e., Eisenstadt, of this theory explain the modernization process as one of societal change towards the western model of development (Hennaya ke, 2006). The Rostow model of variables, in addition to the other theorists of modernization, suggest that the westernization for the non-western nations modernization. So, the ethnocentric interpretation excludes the contributions from the developing worlds thinkers. It can also be stated that this is a model based on one size fits all, and fails on being culture specific (Revise Sociology, 2015). So, theory of modernization given by Rostow presumes that all the nations are initiated with the same base foundations, for instance, the structure, population size, climate, and natural resources. It does make an emphasis on being based on European nations, but deliberately fails to include the growth of the developing nations, which were colonized. An interesting point has been applied in context of a developing nation like South Africa to the theory of Rostow. This point relates to the nation that the economic growth is driven by a larger procedure of absorbing the technologies, the attitudes, government regulations and the policies, which play a crucial role in the economic growth of the heterogeneous society (Hilsenrth, 1993). The modernization theory also makes an assumption that the nations require the assistance of outside forces. This theory believes that the central role is on the money and the experts, which come from outside of the nation or are parachuted in, and this is downgrading the entire role of the initiatives, as well as, the knowledge of the locals. So, it is an approach which is dehumanizing, and demeaning for the local population. It has also been argued that the minds become colonized with the notion of their dependency on the outside forces (Kingsbury, McKay Hunt, 2012). This theory also ignores the crisis of modern time, in the developing, as well as, developed nations. So the issues like drug abuse, health issues, suicide rates and high crime rates have been altogether ignored. There are huge inequalities in a number of developed nations, and with a higher level of inequality, comes the higher degree of problems. There is also the factor of corruption, which prevents assistance of any sort of doing well. Also, the majority of the assistance provided is siphoned away by the government officials, as well as, the corrupt elites, instead of getting to the projects for which they had been earmarked. Hence, the assistance can said to create more inequality and it also makes possible for the elites to maintain their power (Revise Sociology, 2015). There is also the limitation of ecological basis towards any growth. So a number of modernization projects, for instance forestry or mining, lead to the degradation and devastation of environment. There is also the social damage caused due to this. Some of the development projects, for instance, of dams, have resulted in the removal of the local population in a forcible manner from their very own homelands, with no or negligible payment of compensation. It has also been argued by some of the Marxist theorists that the assistance, as well as, the development has not at all helped in the development of the world. In reality, it is about changing the society, in just enough manner, so as to make the exploitation of them easier, in a way to make the western nations, as well as, the western companies richer, by introducing them to exploit both the cheap labor, in addition to the cheap natural resources. It has been thoroughly noted by Joseph Stiglitz that the nations which ignored the wes tern advice and followed the alternative models of development, now have the capability of competing with the west and the prime example of this are India and China (Revise Sociology, 2015). To sum up the entire discussion, the theory of modernization put forward by Rostow has been thoroughly applauded and even been stated as the most influential models in the economic growth. However, at the same time, it has been criticized on a number of grounds, whether for being too mechanical or historical or being based on European and American history and ignoring the developing nations in process. The above parts covered the detailed criticism of each and every stage of this model and highlighted conclusively, the shortfalls of this theory. References Brass, T. (2014). Class, Culture and the Agrarian Myth. Boston: BRILL. Deji, O.F. (2012). Gender and Rural Development: Advanced studies. Berlin: LIT Verlag Mnster. Economics Discussion. (2017). Rostows Stage of Economic Growth (Criticism). Retrieved from: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic-growth/rostows-stage-of-economic-growth-criticism/4574 Fernando, A.C. (2011). Business Environment. Chennai: Pearson. Gale, T. (2008). Stages of Economic Growth. Retrieved from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/stages-economic-growth Gupta, K.R. (2009). Economics of Development and Planning, Volume 1I (4th ed.). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. Hennayake, N. (2006). Culture, Politics, and Development in Postcolonial Sri Lanka. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Lexington Books. Hilsenrath, P.E (1993) Stages of growth revisited. Development Southern Africa, 10(1), 101-110. Doi: 10.1080/03768359308439670 Hoen, H.H. (2010). Dovetailing economics and political science. The Netherlands: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. Kempchen, L. (2015). Traditional motives for development cooperation. An evaluation of Chinese development politics. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Kingsbury, D., McKay, J., Hunt, J. (2012). International Development: Issues and Challenges (2nd ed.). New Yoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mukherjee, A., Chakrabarti, S. (2016). Development Economics: A Critical Perspective. Delhi: PHI Learning. Offiler, B. (2015). US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran: Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and the Shah. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ogot, B.A. (2005). History as Destiny and History as Knowledge:Being Reflections on the Problems of Historicity and Historiography. Kenya: Anyange Press. Onyeka, O. (2015). Critical Analysis of Rostow's Model of Development. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/11317934/Critical_Analysis_of_Rostows_Model_of_Development Persaud, M. (2017). Who was Walt Whitman Rostow?. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/8115922/PART_A_Explain_the_main_concepts_of_Rostows_Stages_of_Growth Revise Sociology. (2015). Modernisation Theory (Development and Underdevelopment). Retrieved from: https://revisesociology.com/2015/09/27/modernisation-theory-development-and-underdevelopment/ Rist, G. (2008). History of Development (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Academic Foundation. Rostow, W. W. (1960). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. Rostow, W., Baker, R. (2016). The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth. Berlin: Springer. Sanderson, S.K. (2013). Sociological Worlds: Comparative and Historical Readings on Society. London: Routledge. Seers, D. (1963). The Limitations of the Special Case. In Meier, G.M. (ed.) Leading Issues in Economic Development (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Somashekar, N.T. (2007). Development and Environmental Economics. Guwahati: New Age International. Tangherlini, T.R., Yea, S. (2008). Sitings: Critical Approaches to Korean Geography. USA: University of Hawaii Press. Wallerstein, I., Carlos Aguirre Rojas, C.A., Lemert, C.C. (2015). Uncertain Worlds: World-systems Analysis in Changing Times. Oxon: Routledge.

Hoovers Relief Efforts Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Hoover's Relief Efforts In the early years of the Great Depression, before 1932, President Herbert Hoover was faced with a terrible problem. The entire country, and to a large degree the entire world, was in the midst of one of the worst economic recessions in current history. All around the country, people were out of work, down on their luck, and starving. One in every six American males was unemployed, and the future outlook was not much better. In 1930, drought struck Arkansas, worsening the already terrible conditions under which the poor sharecroppers and landowners lived in. The Depression had already been had on these farmers, who had seen the market value of their produce dwindle significantly. As conditions worsened, it soon became common for entire families to go without food for several days. President Hoover, aware of the terrible conditions, decided to turn the relief effort over to the Red Cross because he believed in private charities, and in self-help, rather than giving public money directly to individuals. This particular policy proved to be ineffective, and had terrible results. The Red Cross asked the landowners to look over their sharecroppers and determine which ones were in need of subsistence. This would have worked fine, except that the landowners were afraid that free food would cause the sharecroppers to not work as hard, and reported false figures. The other problem was that the Red Cross quickly ra n out of resources when faced with the sheer numbers of people in need of help. Things finally came to a head when 300 Arkansans marched into the town of England, Arkansas, and demanded that food be released to them. The local Red Cross leader met them outside, and told them that if they would wait a half hour he would get them what they needed. He called his bosses in Little Rock, explained the situation to them, and was granted permission to release the food to them. Thus, what could have been a major tragedy was avoided, and the farmers and their families were fed. The national media, however, portrayed it as a mob of starving angry farmers robbing and looting the town of England. The negative portrayal of the scene led an already worn and frightened public to worry about unrest and revolution. The conditions were hardly better in the large cities. In Detroit, were the entire economy centered on the auto manufacturing facilities of the Ford Motor Company, conditions were especially bad. Mayor Murphy tried to give as many people welfare as he could, but soon the number of people needing help forced the program, and the city with it, into desperate financial straights, but because of Hoovers policies, there was no federal money to help them. The members of the communist party, never numbering more than 2000, led thousands of workers in protests on Detroit streets. One of these protest led the workers to the outskirts of Detroit, and the grounds of the Ford plant. They were met there by the Detroit police and the armed plant guards, who warned them that they were not going to be permitted to continue onto Ford property. The marchers held a quick meeting, and then decided to continue. As they did so, the police and guards opened fire on them, killing four of the marchers, and c ausing more disgruntlement in the already perturbed citizenry of the nation. The worst of the tragedies to result from Hoovers policies was the march on Washington DC by the American Legion and the World War One veterans. The vets had been promised that if they enlisted, they would be awarded a bonus in 1945. Many of the vets though, felt that because of the terrible economic situation they deserved to be awarded their bonuses early. They marched in by the thousands to Washington DC and set up camp in old building and on the outskirts of town in tents and shanties. The city government was very accommodating to them, and did not harass them at all. The marchers milled around in front of the capitol, and held demonstrations on the streets. The bill that would have given them their bonuses was defeated in the senate, and congress adjourned. The vets, thought, refused

Free Essays on Sensation And Perception

Sensation and Perception Interactive Lectures Sensation is the detection and direct experience of physical energy as a result of environmental or internal events. Perception is the process by which sensory impulses are organized and interpreted. Our Sensational Senses Sensation begins with the sense receptors, which convert the energy of a stimulus into electrical impulses that travel along nerves to the brain. Separate sensations can be accounted for by anatomical codes (as set forth by the doctrine of specific nerve energies) and functional codes in the nervous system. In a rare condition called synaesthesia, sensation in one modality evokes a sensation in another modality, but these experiences are the exception, not the rule. Psychologists specializing in psychophysics have studied sensory sensitivity by measuring absolute and difference thresholds. Signal-detection theory, however, holds that responses in a detection task consist of both a sensory process and a decision process and will vary with the person’s motivation, alertness, and expectations. Our senses are designed to respond to change and contrast in the environment. When stimulation is unchanging, sensory adaptation occurs. Too little stimulation can cause sensory deprivation. Too much stimulation can cause sensory overload, which is why we exercise selective attention. Vision Vision is affected by the wavelength, frequency, and complexity of light, which produce the psychological dimensions of visual experience- hue, brightness, and saturation. The visual receptors- rods and cones- are located in the retina of the eye, and send signals (via other cells) to the ganglion cells and ultimately to the optic nerve, which carries visual information to the brain. Rods are responsible for vision in dim light; cones are responsible for colour vision. Dark adaptation occurs in two stages. The Structures of the Retina Click here to view t... Free Essays on Sensation And Perception Free Essays on Sensation And Perception Sensation and Perception Interactive Lectures Sensation is the detection and direct experience of physical energy as a result of environmental or internal events. Perception is the process by which sensory impulses are organized and interpreted. Our Sensational Senses Sensation begins with the sense receptors, which convert the energy of a stimulus into electrical impulses that travel along nerves to the brain. Separate sensations can be accounted for by anatomical codes (as set forth by the doctrine of specific nerve energies) and functional codes in the nervous system. In a rare condition called synaesthesia, sensation in one modality evokes a sensation in another modality, but these experiences are the exception, not the rule. Psychologists specializing in psychophysics have studied sensory sensitivity by measuring absolute and difference thresholds. Signal-detection theory, however, holds that responses in a detection task consist of both a sensory process and a decision process and will vary with the person’s motivation, alertness, and expectations. Our senses are designed to respond to change and contrast in the environment. When stimulation is unchanging, sensory adaptation occurs. Too little stimulation can cause sensory deprivation. Too much stimulation can cause sensory overload, which is why we exercise selective attention. Vision Vision is affected by the wavelength, frequency, and complexity of light, which produce the psychological dimensions of visual experience- hue, brightness, and saturation. The visual receptors- rods and cones- are located in the retina of the eye, and send signals (via other cells) to the ganglion cells and ultimately to the optic nerve, which carries visual information to the brain. Rods are responsible for vision in dim light; cones are responsible for colour vision. Dark adaptation occurs in two stages. The Structures of the Retina Click here to view t...

Research Methods (new research methods and paradigms) Essay

Research Methods (new research methods and paradigms) - Essay Example econometrics), laboratory experiments and several numerical methods (e.g. mathematical modelling) (Myers, 1997). Quantitative stance offers a variety of tools including standardized questionnaires and survey, experiments, etc (Wainer and Braun, 1998). The concepts of reliability and validity have traditionally been considered the cornerstones of quantitative approach. On the other hand, poor applicability to examination of poorly quantifiable issues is a serious shortcoming of quantitative methods and techniques. This effect is known as 'decontextualization' of study results: models built on the basis of quantitative results fail to cover certain essential variables that come into play in the real world context (Patton, 2002). By contrast, qualitative methodology seeks to explore phenomena in the "real world setting [where] the researcher does not attempt to manipulate the phenomenon of interest" (Patton, 2002: 39). Qualitative stance can be defined as follows: "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification" (Strauss and Corbin, 1990: 17). Qualitative research reveals findings observed in the real world context where the phenomena being studied unfold naturally (Patton, 2002). As a result, qualitative perspective incorporates a different set of validation criteria than quantitative stance does (Kirk and Miller, 1986). For example, the replicability criterion can not be used to evaluate validity and legitimacy of a qualitative study. Instead, credibility, transferability and precision play very important role in determining validity of qualitative findings (Hoepfl, 1997). Some researchers argue that the concept of validity as it is defined within the quantitative paradigm is also not applicable to qualitative research (Creswell and Miller, 2000). Instead, they tend to develop their own concepts of validity or adopt other assessment criteria that depend upon each particular case. The examples of such criteria are quality, trustworthiness, rigor and some others (Dingwall et al, 1998). The distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are determined by the underlying philosophical principles. The choice of epistemology, which guides the research, is admittedly the most important of these principles (Hirschheim, 1992). Epistemology Over the last years many experts have expressed concerns regarding the use of positivist paradigm and methods associated with it in the area of business and organisational research. The underlying assumption of positivist perspective, which is existence of an objective world that can be measured and quantified through the use of traditional scientific methods of inquiry - has been vigorously attacked. A number of organisational theorists started to claim that the positivist approach "strips contexts from meanings in the process of developing quantified measures of phenomena" (Guba and Lincoln, 1994: 106). Other concerns about the applicability of quantitative methodologies to in-dept examination of complex social phenomena include taking the collected data out of the real-world setting, poor representativeness and generalisation of data, exclusion of discovery from the realm of scientific inquiry, etc The positivist perspe

The Business Opportunity of XYZ in the UK and Chinese Automobile Essay

The Business Opportunity of XYZ in the UK and Chinese Automobile Sectors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in relation to the present rapid growth of the United Kingdom and Chinese automobile industries, XYZ is considerably recognized as one of the major companies in terms of producing middle and upper-class vehicles. The organization is considerably playing a crucial role in the UK and China automobile markets in terms of serving vehicles for the middle class and upper-class consumers. The customers in both the UK and Chinese markets desire for quality based world class stylish vehicles. The developed economy of the UK along with increasing population and demand of vehicles can increase the probability of success for the business to a considerable extent. In the similar context, the economic condition of China is further considered to be more stable among the developing nations of the world. Moreover, the business environments of both the markets are considered feasible and appropriate for XYZ to practice its business operations. Therefore , the report intends to significantly analyze the UK and China markets for XYZ automotive company through evaluating the relevant theories and evidence in the market. Moreover, the discussion will also focus on enclosing the automobile market scenario of the UK and China along with different issues concerning national institutional systems and cultural conditions of the nations. In addition, the assessment will further consider trends of trade and investment and consider measures to efficiently deal with possible issues during the investment portfolio that are required to effectively conduct XYZ’s operations in the UK and Chinese automobile markets. Analysis of National and Institutional Systems and Culture Conditions The international business approach encompasses conducting trading activities beyond the national boundaries. The term international business can be defined as the process practiced by an organization while functioning in more than one nation from a single count ry. In contrast, international business further considers expanding business operating units in different regions in order to smoothly conduct business practices. From the perspective of modern international business, it can be recognized that the global organizations are significantly facing different challenges and opportunities with regard to their successful expansion. With this concern, the national and institutional systems regarding trade policies are one of the major prohibitory aspects which can be recognized in the global countries. Therefore, an effective and adequate analysis of the countries can facilitate to obtain suitable solutions for the organizations in terms of conducting business practices in a foreign market.

Conceptualize a hypothetical information system project Essay

Conceptualize a hypothetical information system project - Essay Example This system also allows performing manual entries of products there is a problem with bar code reader. At the end of the day system offers the sales records along with possible stock availability details. The system works with a Bar Code Reader that extracts the overall details of products from the bar-code (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). After that system adds the product details to database. The database accumulates the overall details of products and shopping and creates final bill. System also adds each sale to daily sales list. This list offers a comprehensive overview of daily sales which business has made throughout a day. On the other hand the system product details are also entered at the back-end. For instance, each product’s status like availability, items details, product prices, etc. are entered into the back end database. Hence, at the end of the day the system compares the sold and available sock and offers a comprehensive overview of product supply chain. Currently, the business utilizes customers, products and sales information in a number of ways. In this scenario, sales and products information can be used for business supply chain management operations. The business makes use of the information and data to maintain the stock at the shelves and also maintains the customer needs regarding rapid availability of stock. The business also makes use of information for overall sales management. The sales management operation utilizes cost benefit analysis form customer operational management. The business can also make use of customer data for marketing purposes. The business can offer attractive offers to their regular customers, which will improve its operational capability. These all information can be used as system requirements. We can use a data collection methodology (such as interview or questionnaires) to collect data and information

Marks And Spencer: Growth and Global Strategy

Marks And Spencer: Growth and Global Strategy Marks and Spencer, originally known as Penny Bazaars, was founded by Michael Marks in 1884 as a clothing sales company in Northern England. Thomas Spencer joined Michael Marks ten years after its startup, becoming co-owner of the company. The company has continued to work under the name of Marks Spencer (MS) since 1894. It became a phenomenon, first in its country of origin, the UK, and later internationally. American chain stores influenced MS to start selling both food and clothes in the 1920s. The company saw itself grow from 1894 to 1939, by opening a staggering 234 stores. MS worked in close cooperation with its suppliers and made strategies for the use of new technologies which in turn led to the highest quality in its products. The company had future foresight thus adding internationalization and product diversification to its strategy in the late 80s. Over the years it took over its competitors, as a major retailer selling diverse product ranges under their own exclusive bra nd in more than 30 countries. Marks and Spencer can be proud of leading the race over all its major competitors in the key areas of quantity, quality, and trust, breadth of range and customer service. MS decided to close one of its stores in Edmonton, along with 14 other stores in Canada, with the 8 remaining stores being closed in a short span of one month. This brought an end to Marks and Spencers 26-year run in Canada. Marks and Spencer were never successful in Canada, said Fin, director of Canadian Institute of Retailing and Services Studies at the University of Alberta. Mounting losses and a retail economy that was fierce and competitive had forced them out of the Canadian market. (Le Riche 1999). The expansion into new retail territory is part of MSs pledge to create a viable business in the Peoples Republic within the next five years. MS has endured a difficult introduction to the retail scene in China from the prosaic and workaday supply chain problems and sizing and pricing issues, to the sacking of the China boss and a death in-store shortly after opening. MS with the help of market research and focus groups are making improvements. At present they have their own buying team in China and their sizing is much better. (Thorniley 2010) In comparison, their entry strategies into Indian Market were a different predicament that MS had to face. Most Indian shoppers were of the idea that MS did not offer the same products as they did internationally. (Jack 2011). MS undermined the Indian market due to its vastness and complexities thus their strategies were deformed leading to problems such as products being over priced which lacked the affordability factor. From 2000 till 2007, MS allowed its former franchisee in India, Planet Retail, to treat it as an up-market rather than a mid-market brand, pricing MS goods even higher than in the UK, and it failed to adapt what it offered to local tastes. In 2008, frustrated that Planet Retail had opened just 10 stores in the seven years since it signed up with MS, the UK-based supermarket chain ended the relationship and in the same year re-launched in a joint venture with Reliance Industries. During its substantial growth, one can note changes in the methods of operation undertaken by Marks Spencer. They were confident they knew what was right for their customers and would be able to satisfy their needs in the long run and this level of belief would help them succeed. This is why they refused to bring changes to the things they did. On examining the expansion of Marks Spencer, one can conclude that the primary reason for their failure to succeed was that they tried to force their tried-and-tested strategy on a market that had their own unique culture and refused to change. As a result, Marks Spencer was forced to bring their expansion plans to a standstill and eventually pulled out. MS always had a much conformed formula which included identical layout, store design, training and so on. They also insisted on using only British suppliers. It was not a very wise decision in 1998 as at the time, plans were made to conquer the European and American markets which had totally different cultures to the British. They believed that customers thought that they received higher quality from British suppliers. From past experience, they implemented their tried and tested formula in various overseas markets. This strategy backfired bringing in a drastic fall in the share price and profits. However, the CEO at the time, Sir Richard Greenbury, insisted that the profit loss was due to the competitive environment. There were many reports that MS no longer understood the customers needs and had misread its target market. Looking into various factors as to why internationalization failed in regard to MS, there are various inter-connecting reasons. Analysts suggest that Greenbury gave focus only to the day-to-day operations of the organization rather than give priority to their long-term strategic plans which needed to be altered. Elements that contributed to the success of Marks and Spencer in UK did not apply to the global market. The long-sustained buy-British policy, the distinctiveness of the retail operation, the priority on a British brand alone and the lack of clear retail positioning and design, all presented problems in the global situation. Another reason behind it was the inexperience of  decentralized control of businesses. When the crisis became inevitable, the reaction was to quickly to distance themselves from this global operation. As Lassarre (2007) commented on Global Strategy, a company needs to possess Global ambitions, Global position, Global business system and Global organization structure processes along with the coordination of human resource management to have a competitive advantage. MS needs to improve on its management and global supply chain. For an organization to survive, change management is critically important in their respective market. It is essential for an organization to understand that every market is in a state of imbalance. Marks and Spencer lacked itself in analyzing their market, finding out what the current trends were, what their customers wanted, and this is one reason why they struggle to keep their customers. The company failed to change with the changing times of their market though being dominant for many years. Finally they found themselves struggling to keep their customers satisfied or even keep their customers. Looking closely at the MS business model, Mellahi (2005) stresses that marketing strategy and its supply chain are some of the reasons for the deterioration of this companys sales and its profits. The buying team behind MS had no contact with customers. MS defines its new creations completely blindly from its customers or its potential customers expectations and demands. Another reason behind the financial decline of MS was the inaccurate supply chain strategy. MS was capable of a well-defined warehouse, sufficient suppliers, structured store network and also had a cost-efficient supply chain. Although a boon, such a supply chain lacks in flexibility. In this scenario MS found it difficult to restructure its  production planning during the one-year product development phase. If a new trend occurred during the one-year development period, it was too late to change all its orders because its suppliers already ordered all the raw materials. Another weakness in the MS supply chain was that it was completely decentralized. MS lacked in one aspect namely being a self-supplier for any products sold in its store. Although St.Micheal was its own brand, it was produced by suppliers. Since all its suppliers were external, it had no flexibility to change any order or to manage the purchase of raw materials or the purchase of semi-finished products. After a century of being leaders in the textile industry, MS should rectify its economic situation and its market image in order to regain its place in the competition among its adversaries. If MS changed its supply chain by using a responsive supply chain instead of the cost-efficient one, like Zara, it would have more flexibility to follow the trend changes and adapt its product to market demand. This will prevent MS from losing its customers because of inaccurate forecasts and building up inaccurate inventory. MS could also adapt its marketing strategy to the growing trends in the textile market. MS should maintain a direct contact with customers thus directing their creations based on the desires of prospective customers. Using this method, it can attract new customers without the fear of losing its loyal customers. This method can also enable MS to have adequate inventory to respond the market demand and to avoid build up of the unneeded inventory. The company needs more changes in order to avoid further  financial problems.(Rankine 1998).To prevent troubles in the future, MS should work and coordinate closely with its suppliers to implement a flexible  production system within their plants. This will allow suppliers to respond to any order changes on time with demanded products. MS obtains most of its products from suppliers implemented in the UK which are relatively expensive than those in European or Asian countries. MS should adopt a new global sourcing strategy where purchasing products from cheaper sources can reduce supplies cost thereby increasing profit margin. Philosophy of Education: Reflection Paper Philosophy of Education: Reflection Paper ABSTRACT My philosophy of education stems from the years of seeing my mother in-law attend classes in order to attain a more lucrative position in her field of business. The visions of her sitting at the table with a pencil in one hand, a highlighter in the other and her Bible perusing several books, newspaper articles, and her personal notes, gave me the insight to strive for a better life. My mother in-law was and still is a firm believer the she can achieve anything with Christ and that her degree was attainable. Seeing my mother in-law so engaged helped me realize the importance of education, becoming a lifelong learner and the possibilities that could be discovered by being a continuous and active learner. Getting a good education was a constant phrase reiterated daily in my household with my children. I understood that education was the common denominator for success and the foundation in which all other professions are based. My goal is to impart into children to be productive citizens , lifelong learners and have a love for God and learning. Keywords: learning, education, children, success Introduction Working in the public educational setting as a Parent Liaison has afforded me the opportunity to gain a greater appreciation for education and its importance. In my past experiences, I have noticed the number of students entering school being unable to read, recall, infer or comprehend. These situations with students caused my heart to ache for their learning. I have witnessed beginning kindergartners with no phonemic awareness, very little sight word recognition, and little to no awareness of school and its importance. My daily mission is to instill the value of education in my students and its direct alignment to both their salvation and success in their life. Regularly, I question students regarding their future goals, dreams, and how education will play an intricate part in their success and achieving those goals. Education is the core element in which all other professions are based and rooted. Every profession involves the human connection of educating and pouring into the spir it. I believe that all students can learn and that learning is a lifelong process that can be achieved with students, parents, and the community. Worldview Philosophy of Life Having received grace to be able to walk through this universe for over 50 years, I have come to realize the result of your daily life is the efforts that put forth into the universe. Understanding that people are complicated and hold various experiences is the key to maturity and adult growth. Recognizing this can be a difficult task if the individual is not conscientious in the moment. We are human beings and continuously deal in the flesh. Our emotions can sometimes overtake our conscientiousness which causes the head to lead as opposed to the heart. This view is shared daily with my students as I try to promote the value of education. School life is my life, and my daily mission is not a job but a calling. It is an opportunity to have a positive impact on students and their futures. Pouring quality information into my students in most cases is the only positive affirmation some of them may receive. My ability to breathe positivity into my students spirit may be the only spark that ignites the spirit and assist the students in moving forward within this world. Life challenges my daily practice as a Parent Liaison (educator). However, I am solid in my belief of knowing that education and true quality of education is the foundation and path to any successful career. The connection between school and active learning is synonymous with success and prosperity. Active learning is essential for a full and productive life. With education, one must be intentional, attentive and conscientious of and recognize the value of the presented opportunities. This active involvement makes the work meaningful and creates success. According to Froebels educational philosophy in order for this to take place the student must be in a happy, harmonious environment in which he or she can grow and the whole person can be built (Gutek, 1995). Christians are human beings, and the flesh is part of that existence. The challenges of a Christians daily walk are directly aligned with some of the issues facing our educational system. Christians and teachers (who are Christians) are passionate regarding showing others the purpose of life and being grounded in their personal beliefs, owning that belief, and sharing that belief. In some cases, both teachers and Christians are held in high regard. Their actions must correlate with internal beliefs and be an example for their students and others. Romans 12:2 (ESV) Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect. Philosophy of Schools Learning Being in public education for over twenty years, I have come to realize that building positive relationships is the connection between school and learning. Students come to school with various experiences and unclaimed baggage. As educators, it is important that we recognize and attend and teach the whole child while leaving no stone unturned. Todays educational system and its students does not allow for antiquated and traditional settings and behaviors. The structural settings no longer require students to stay seated in straight rows while the teacher lectures. Because todays students are different, the learning must be different and presented in a manner at the students present level of understanding. Teachers must utilize various pedagogical methods to meet the varying needs of the learners. The learners must be able to actively engage in the process of learning, which includes but not limited to developing critical thinking skills through open dialogue and peer interaction. In addition, teachers should ask thought provoking, deep, probing questions, which extends the learners thinking. Because the learner has various learning styles, it is imperative the teacher is equipped with a multitude of instructional practices in order to differentiate the instruction to meet students at their present level of understanding. Active engagement and the promotion of meaningful technology usage assists in bridging the deficit gap and critical understanding. Teachers must educate themselves to become familiar with todays students and their learning styles. Understanding learning styles assists the teacher with the improvement of instructional delivery and overall classroom management. Regarding improved instructional practices, teachers can assist the various learners by creating learning centers that involves active engagement in order to successfully complete an assigned task. Positive peer interaction can motivate each student to do their best. Pestalozzi and Froebels educational philosophies closely relates to what I believe about education students. Johann Pestalozzi believed that every individual could learn and individuals should have a right to an education. He believed that as a society we had a duty to put these things into practice (Bowers and Gehring, 2004). Froebels kindergarten method is not just for kindergarten students, but can be conducive for all students. Educational Practice A Christians beliefs are directly aligned with their daily practices. Both Christians and teachers  travel a path of selflessness while pouring and teaching valuable, eternal lessons. As an educator  we are always looking for ways to be innovative, but we must remember our students. My  educational practice would be more in line with progressivism and social reconstuctionism,  viewing the learner as the central focus. When working with students I will serve as a guide and  facilitator assisting the student in reaching their learning goals. Students will be introduced to  learning centers and work in with partners. Students will take ownership of their work and their  classroom. My goal is assist to students to prepare for the future and to be independent-thinkers.   When presenting new material to our students, make sure that we clarify the purpose and the  learning goals to our students show them models and examples. According to Graham (2009), we  are to apply biblical truth to all of education, and not just parts of it. Our goal is for the student to  be successful. As colleagues we discuss if something is working or not, so why not take the time  with our students to hold classroom discussions about their learning. In this way educators will  be able to observe how the student is grasping the material and if something needs to change. It  is important that students receive feedback from assignments and to give the teacher feedback  about the learning process. Metacognitive strategies will be implemented to so that students are  given the opportunities to plan, monitor their learning, and self-reflect along the learning process.   Teacher-Learner Relationships   Being a teacher is a true calling that only special people can and should answer. The old adage regarding those who can do and those who cannot teach is meaningless and degrading to all who are in the educational profession. Being a teacher is not just standing in front of a class lecturing and students utilizing pencil and paper to record the transferred information. Being a teacher is about the human experience and making a spiritual connection with those whom you are in contact. According to Graham (2009), we are to apply biblical truth to all of the educational process, not just part of it. The role of a both learner and teacher are important for the others existence. The learner is one who challenges the teacher to critically think and ask probing questions in order to extend their mental capacity. In addition, the learner actively engages in the lesson/conversation and acquires relevant information that is prudent to their success. Ultimately, the learner has to be intrinsically motivated to gain knowledge. The role of a quality teacher is able to reach deep within their learners and appeal to their hearts. By doing this, the teacher can make a connection with the learners and guide them appropriately while communicating the importance of an education and allowing them to see and understand to true benefits of their educational journey. Once the connection between learner and teacher have been established, the teacher can speak words of encouragement, life, and longevity into the learner and giving them a great appreciation for education and its value. One cannot exist without each other. Success can only be experienced if the two (learner and teacher) are united. In the public school setting, building teacher/learner relationship is essential. Witnessing various classrooms, I have noticed that teachers who positively interact with their students experience success on a greater level compared to those teachers who do not buy into their students. Mutual respects are the foundation to a successful teacher-student relationship it is the teacher who sets the tone for and models respectful behavior. Once the relationship is established, the ability to pour into our learners is durable. Titus 2:7-8 (ESV), show yourself in all respects to be a model of good works, and in your teaching show integrity, and sound speech that cannot be condemned, so that an opponent may be put to shame, having nothing evil to say about us. Diversity It is very important for teachers to know their learners and how they learn. As stated earlier, life experiences varies and that must be taken into account when educating our youth. Understanding your learners and appreciating their differences is crucial to both their success and the success of the teacher. Being willing to explore those differences give the teacher a concrete understanding of instructional practices that would be benefit their learner. Teachers should be able to utilize various instructional practices to reach their learners and allow them to be successful. It is extremely important to meet the learner at their present level of understanding and grow their knowledge base. The learners life experiences has an impact on their instructional understanding whether positive or negative. As it relates to diversity, Ruby Payne (2001) noted that students experiences and their ability to attain resources plays an intricate part of the learners success. Payne noted that emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical resources are vital learners of diverse background. Colossians 3:11 (ESV), Here there is not Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised,  barbarian, Scythian, slave, free; but Christ is all, and in all. As educators with diverse learners, we should remember it is not about us, but Christ in us and in our students. Conclusion As stated earlier, education is the root in which all other professions grow. Educating students about the world and the beauty of Gods glory is the most rewarding mission that can ever be experienced. Conflict occurs when teachers are not kept abreast with the change of society. Just as some ministers must utilize unorthodox methods to capture the attention of our youth in order to move them into the church to learn of Gods love, the teacher, in the classroom setting, must research and stay abreast of the various needs of students and their learning styles in order to meet their academic, social and emotional needs. References Bowers, F., Gehring, T. (2004). Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: 18th Century Swiss Educator and Correctional Reformer. Journal of Correctional Education, 55(4), 306-319. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23292096 Graham, D. L. (2009).  Teaching redemptively: Bringing grace and truth into your classroom (2nd ed.). Colorado Springs, CO: Purposeful Design Publications. ISBN: 9781583310588. Gutek, G.L. (1995). A history of Western educational experience (2nd ed.) Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. ISBN: 9780881338188. Johnson, L. (2011). Teaching outside the box: how to grab students by their brains. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, a Wiley Brand. Payne, R.K. (2001). A framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, TX: Aha! Process, Inc. Russell, K.A., Aldridge, J. (2009). Play, unity and symbols: Parallels in the works of Froebel and Jung. International Journal of Psychology and Counseling, 1 (1), 001-004.

The Process of Starting an IV (intravenous) Essay -- Expository Proces

The Process of Starting an IV (intravenous) Several skills are beneficial to the nurse and paramedic, but perhaps one of the most important skills is the ability to place an intravenous catheter into a vein. This procedure is most commonly referred to as â€Å"starting an IV†. In today’s medical community, intravenous cannulation is necessary for the administration of many antibiotics and other therapeutic drugs. Listed below are the procedures and guidelines for starting a successful IV. Following these instructions will provide a positive experience for the patient and clinician. First, you must obtain all of the necessary supplies: gloves, alcohol or Betadine preps, a tourniquet, tape, an appropriately sized IV catheter, a bag of IV solution, the IV tubing, and gauze pads. While obtaining the supplies, you should inform the patient that IV catheter placement is necessary, and why. Do not lie to the patient and tell him or her that it is a painless procedure. Instead, be honest with them and explain that the initial puncture feels like a sharp pinch on the skin and that the pain and discomfort associated with the IV placement is only temporary. You may find it helpful to demonstrate to the patient the amount of pain to expect by pinching the skin on the back of their hand. This is especially helpful for younger patients or patients who are more concrete in their thinking. Now, assemble and arrange all of the needed supplies so that they are easily accessible. Connect the IV tubing to the solution bag and allow the fluid in the bag to run through the entire length of the tubing, also known as priming the tubing. When this is done, clamp the tubing closed. You will then need to tear several pieces of tape, six to eight inche... ...f the clamps on the tubing to allow the IV solution to run freely. Slowly, decrease the flow of the solution to the appropriate rate as ordered by the physician. Using a small gauze pad, wipe away any excess blood or fluid on the surface of the skin. Then, using the pre-torn pieces of tape, secure the catheter hub and the IV tubing to the patient’s skin. Take extra caution not to kink the tubing. Once everything is secured, recheck the IV solution’s flow and then attend to the rest of your patients needs. Starting a successful IV takes practice, time, and patience. Once you have perfected this procedure, you will see that the above steps are simply guidelines to help beginners. As your experience grows, you will develop your own techniques and preferences. Remember these steps, and both you and your patient will have a successful IV catheter placement experience.

Health & Safety

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety. Under this Act, the employer, the workers and the individuals being supported have responsibilities to ensure safety is maintained in the workplace. Your employer should display a copy of this Act on their main premises. The main purpose of the legislation is:†¢To secure the health, safety and welfare of people at work †¢To protect others from risks arising from the activities of people at work †¢To control the use and storage of dangerous substances †¢To control the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substancesOther key pieces of legislation that sit alongside and support the Health and Safety at Work Act are:†¢The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 emphasize what employers are required to achieve under the Health and Safety at Work Act. †¢The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (kn own as COSHH) require employers to control substances that can harm workers' health. †¢The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 sets out requirements for manual handling and moving and handling of people.†¢The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (known as RIDDOR) sets out what needs to be reported.My employer has policies and procedures covering a wide range of health and safety subjects to incorporate the legal requirements. Here are some of the policies and procedures:†¢Personal safety and lone working †¢Fire safety †¢Food safety and hygiene †¢What to do in the event of an emergency †¢Risk assessments †¢Smoking at work †¢Use of chemicals and waste disposal †¢Moving and handling of people and objects †¢Personal hygiene †¢Infection control †¢Security measures and visitorsIn health and safety my responsibilities are:†¢Take reasonable care of your health and safety †¢Take reas onable care not to put other people, including other employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or don’t do at work †¢Co-operate with your employer making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow your organisation’s health and safety policies †¢Not to interfere with or misuse anything that’s been provided for your health, safety or welfare †¢Tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work, for example becoming pregnant or sustaining an injury†¢Not to undertake any health and safety tasks that you haven’t been trained forIn health and safety my employer’s responsibilities are:†¢Provide a safe workplace †¢Give information on health and safety †¢Provide free health and safety training †¢Make sure you can enter and leave the workplace safely †¢In health and safety the individuals you support’s responsibilities are: †¢Follow health a nd safety advice given to them †¢Co-operate with you to use appropriate equipment safely †¢Take reasonable care of their own health and safety †¢Without the correct level of training you are not allowed to carry out certain tasks relating to health and safety.Here are a few examples:†¢Moving and handling †¢Administering medication †¢Emergency first aid †¢Giving injections †¢Peg feeding †¢Colostomy †¢Fighting fireIf you are unsure about what you can and cannot do, you must discuss this with your Proprietor or manager. Health & Safety The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety. Under this Act, the employer, the workers and the individuals being supported have responsibilities to ensure safety is maintained in the workplace. Your employer should display a copy of this Act on their main premises. The main purpose of the legislation is:†¢To secure the health, safety and welfare of people at work †¢To protect others from risks arising from the activities of people at work †¢To control the use and storage of dangerous substances †¢To control the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substancesOther key pieces of legislation that sit alongside and support the Health and Safety at Work Act are:†¢The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 emphasize what employers are required to achieve under the Health and Safety at Work Act. †¢The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (kn own as COSHH) require employers to control substances that can harm workers' health. †¢The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 sets out requirements for manual handling and moving and handling of people.†¢The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (known as RIDDOR) sets out what needs to be reported.My employer has policies and procedures covering a wide range of health and safety subjects to incorporate the legal requirements. Here are some of the policies and procedures:†¢Personal safety and lone working †¢Fire safety †¢Food safety and hygiene †¢What to do in the event of an emergency †¢Risk assessments †¢Smoking at work †¢Use of chemicals and waste disposal †¢Moving and handling of people and objects †¢Personal hygiene †¢Infection control †¢Security measures and visitorsIn health and safety my responsibilities are:†¢Take reasonable care of your health and safety †¢Take reas onable care not to put other people, including other employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or don’t do at work †¢Co-operate with your employer making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow your organisation’s health and safety policies †¢Not to interfere with or misuse anything that’s been provided for your health, safety or welfare †¢Tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work, for example becoming pregnant or sustaining an injury†¢Not to undertake any health and safety tasks that you haven’t been trained forIn health and safety my employer’s responsibilities are:†¢Provide a safe workplace †¢Give information on health and safety †¢Provide free health and safety training †¢Make sure you can enter and leave the workplace safely †¢In health and safety the individuals you support’s responsibilities are: †¢Follow health a nd safety advice given to them †¢Co-operate with you to use appropriate equipment safely †¢Take reasonable care of their own health and safety †¢Without the correct level of training you are not allowed to carry out certain tasks relating to health and safety. Here are a few examples: †¢Moving and handling †¢Administering medication †¢Emergency first aid †¢Giving injections †¢Peg feeding †¢Colostomy †¢Fighting fireIf you are unsure about what you can and cannot do, you must discuss this with your Proprietor or manager.

opinion essay outline Essay Example

opinion essay outline Essay Example opinion essay outline Essay opinion essay outline Essay Essay Topic: Opinion opinion essay outline BY unD3RoaTh Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people around the world every day. This website is a science-based resource developed for health care and other professional audiences and provides the latest information and research into coffee, caffeine and health. Login coffee health topicsresearch centrein-practicemedia centreabout usabout coffeeresources Cardiovascular health Cancer Fluid balance Gallstones Liver function Summary Liver function in Europe Coffee consumption and liver function Potential mechanisms Conclusion References Downloadable PDF Mental performance Neurodegenerative disorders Pregnancy Sports performance Type 2 diabetes print page Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderate coffee consumption may help to reduce the risk of liver cancer, and the risk falls as coffee consumption rises. Epidemiological studies in patients with various liver diseases have all found a positive effect of moderate coffee drinking on limiting disease progression. Patients with alcoholic liver disease who have a higher coffee consumption have a slower rate of fibrosis* than those who drink less coffee. Caffeine consumption is related to less severe fibrosis in patients scheduled for liver biopsy. Coffee consumption is related to slower development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients with Hepatitis C-related liver disease, who have a higher consumption of coffee, have a lower rate of disease progression than those drinking less coffee. However, patient stu01es snoul a De Interpreted wltn cautlon as tnere are many conTounaers wnlcn can bias results, e. g. small subject numbers and patients changing their habits or diet as a result of their disease. Several mechanisms underlying the association between moderate coffee consumption and reduced risk of liver cancer and disease progression are under investigation. One of the breakdown products of caffeine, paraxanthine, has been shown to slow down the growth of the type of tissue seen in liver fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Other alternative mechanisms are related to the anti-carcinogenic effects of cafestol and kahweol, and possible anti- viral effects of chlorogenic acids and caffeic acid. *Many liver diseases cause scar tissue, known as fibrosis, to develop. In the early stages of fibrosis, the liver functions relatively well and few people experience symptoms. But as the inflammation and liver injury continue, scar tissue builds up. This can eventually disrupt the metabolic functions of the liver and lead to cirrhosis in which the liver is severely scarred, its blood flow restricted and its ability to function severely impaired. This information is intended for healthcare and professional audiences. Please consider the environment before printing. homecoffee health topicsresearch centrein-practicemedia centreabout usabout coffeeresources

The Brain of Computers essays

The Brain of Computers essays All desktop computers have a processor which is the brain or heart of computers also kwon as CPU (central processing unit) or microprocessor. The processor is make up of millions of microscopic transistors embedded in a circuit on a chip or silicon wafer. It reads instruction from software and tells the computer what to do. Machine instruction cycle happens millions of times in one second or more. The faster a processor cycles happens the quicker you are able to enhance your ability to run creative, entertainment, and communication and productivity application. The two main manufactures of desktop processors are Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The company Intel has produced many microprocessors. The newest ones are Intel Pentium 4 and Intel Celeron. Intel is always looking for new ideas to better its performance. Hyper Threading and Ultraviolet Lithography are some of the things Intel is working on. The Intel Pentium 4 processor is the latest on performing outstanding levels of performances and advanced features needed to tackle the most demanding proceeding needs. It is ideal for internet audio, steaming video, DVD authoring, image processing, MPEG4 creation, speech recognition, 3D CAB games, multimedia and multi-tasking. Intel Celeron processor balances value with performance that is affordable. It allows the user to browse the internet, send email, use educational programs, and play interactive 3D games. Intel Celeron is good for home computers, small office computer and productivity Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) also makes many processors. The newest ones developed by AMD are the Athlon processor XP, Athlon processor and AMD Duron processor. AMD Athlon XP performances extra and extraordinary applications required to meet cutting edge performances and use of the newest and greatest software applications. AMD Duron offers value and cost effective processor that allow the user ...

Poet Hughes Life and My Contribution to Poetry Essay

Poet Hughes Life and My Contribution to Poetry - Essay Example Biography James Mercer Langston Hughes was born on 1 February 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. He was the second child to Caroline (Carrie) Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes. Hughes mother worked as a teacher. Langston had a rough childhood. One of the experiences that greatly bore on him was the divorce of his parents. Upon divorce, Langston’s father left for Cuba and later settled in Mexico. He sought to escape racism that was rampant in the United States of America (West 160). After his parents separated, Langston stayed back with his mother. However, his mother travelled a lot in search for employment. As a result, Langston grew in a number of Midwestern towns. Langston’s maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston, played a major part in raising young Langston Hughes. She was of great influence to young Langston in matters relating to racial pride, which she drew from black American oral tradition and activist experiences. Langston stayed with his grandmother i n Lawrence, Kansas, where he spent a better part of his childhood. Upon the death of his grandmother, Hughes moved in with his family friends, James and Mary Reed. He stayed with them for two years but later moved in with his mother in Lincoln, Illinois. Carrie remarried while Hughes was an adolescent. This made them move to Cleveland, Ohio where he attended high school. Their home was auctioned in February 1918 for $16,667. Since Hughes spent most of his childhood away from his father, they had a poor relationship. He lived with him for a short period in 1919. After graduating from high school, Hughes moved back in with his father in 1920. He hoped to convince his father to allow him to attend Columbia University. Hughes’ father had a dislike for Negroes and hoped that his son would study abroad. He was willing to support his son financially had Hughes agreed to do away with his ambition as a writer and pursue engineering. Hughes and his father came to a compromise that he w ould undertake engineering at Columbia University. After a two-year stay at the university, Hughes left due to racial prejudice. To earn a living, Hughes worked various odd jobs. At one time, he worked as a crewmember aboard the S.S Malone. Working on this ship saw him spend six months travelling partly to West Africa and Europe. He returned to the United States and secured a white-collar job working at the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. He served as a personal assistant to Carter G. Woodson. The job was too demanding for him, as it did not give him enough time to pursue his writing. Consequently, he quit the job and got another job as a busboy at the Wardman Park Hotel. It is at this place that he met the poet Vachel Lindsay. Lindsay was impressed by Hughes’ work and went ahead to publicize his discovery of Hughes as a poet. Some of Hughes earlier work was already published in magazines and was about to compile them into his first book of poe try. Hughes went ahead to enroll in Lincoln University which was synonymous with blacks in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Upon completing his B.A degree from Lincoln University in 1929, he went back to New York. He did a few travels to the Soviet Union and the Caribbean but spent a better part of his adulthood in Harlem. Controversy looms over Hughes’s sexuality. Some people such as Arnold Rampersand, Hughes primary biographers believe that he exuded homosexual tendencies in his poems thus belief that he preferred African American men (p.69). Hughes died on May 22, 1967.